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. 2009 May 12:338:b1673.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.b1673.

Prevalence of severe congenital heart disease after folic acid fortification of grain products: time trend analysis in Quebec, Canada

Raluca Ionescu-Ittu  1 , Ariane J Marelli, Andrew S Mackie, Louise Pilote
Affiliations

Prevalence of severe congenital heart disease after folic acid fortification of grain products: time trend analysis in Quebec, Canada

Raluca Ionescu-Ittu et al. BMJ. .

Abstract

Objective: To investigate whether the 1998 government policy for mandatory fortification of flour and pasta products with folate was followed by a reduction in the prevalence of severe congenital heart defects.

Design: Time trend analysis.

Setting: Province of Quebec, Canada.

Participants: Infants born in 1990-2005 identified with severe congenital heart defects (tetralogy of Fallot, endocardial cushion defects, univentricular hearts, truncus arteriosus, or transposition complexes) in Quebec administrative databases.

Methods: Data analysed in two time periods (before and after fortification). Birth prevalence measured annually as infants (live and stillbirths) with severe congenital heart defects per 1000 births in Quebec. Changes in the birth prevalence from the period before to the period after fortification were estimated with Poisson regression.

Results: Among the 1, 324,440 births in Quebec in 1990-2005 there were 2083 infants born with severe congenital heart defects, corresponding to an average birth prevalence of 1.57/1000 births. Time trend analysis showed no change in the birth prevalence of severe birth defects in the nine years before fortification (rate ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.03), while in the seven years after fortification there was a significant 6% decrease per year (0.94, 0.90 to 0.97).

Conclusions: Public health measures to increase folic acid intake were followed by a decrease in the birth prevalence of severe congenital heart defects. These findings support the hypothesis that folic acid has a preventive effect on heart defects.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

None
Time trends in birth prevalence of severe congenital heart disease before and after 1 January 1999 cut off (see methods) representing introduction of mandatory fortification of flour and pasta products with folic acid (vertical grey bars), including (top) and excluding (bottom, sensitivity analysis) year 2005. Time trends estimated in each period by Poisson regression with calendar time as independent variable
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