The paradox of received social support: the importance of responsiveness

Psychol Sci. 2009 Aug;20(8):928-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02388.x. Epub 2009 Jun 22.

Abstract

Although the perception of available support is associated with positive outcomes, the receipt of actual support from close others is often associated with negative outcomes. In fact, support that is "invisible" (not perceived by the support recipient) is associated with better outcomes than "visible" support. To investigate this paradox, we proposed that received support (both visible and invisible) would be beneficial when it was responsive to the recipient's needs. Sixty-seven cohabiting couples participated in a daily-experience study in which they reported on the support they provided and received each day. Results indicated that both visible and invisible support were beneficial (i.e., associated with less sadness and anxiety and with greater relationship quality) only when the support was responsive. These findings suggest that the nature of support is an important determinant of when received support will be beneficial.

Publication types

  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Adaptation, Psychological*
  • Adult
  • Affect
  • Anxiety / psychology
  • Awareness*
  • Depression / psychology
  • Family Characteristics*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Intention
  • Interpersonal Relations
  • Life Change Events*
  • Male
  • Object Attachment
  • Social Support*
  • Young Adult