Design Data on lipids, body composition, and blood pressure (BP) from all published KIMS papers are summarized and compared with a literature review. Results KIMS data confirm and extend previous research showing that adults with GH deficiency (GHD) have an adverse cardiovascular risk profile. GHD patients have high levels of dyslipidemia, elevated body mass index, unfavorable waist-to-hip ratio and body composition, and a high risk of hypertension. These abnormalities are likely to explain the increased cardiovascular mortality observed in patients with hypopituitarism. When given GH replacement therapy, an improvement is seen in KIMS as well as earlier studies for lipid profile, body composition, and BP. The added value of the different KIMS papers over previous research is that KIMS involves a much larger number of patients, that lipid concentrations and IGF1 are measured in a single central laboratory, and that the effects of GH replacement therapy can be followed longer than the duration of earlier trials. By the large number of patients, KIMS gives insight into the effects of GH in different patients' subgroups such as elderly patients, patients with idiopathic GHD, patients with craniopharyngioma, patients after irradiation, and so on. In addition, KIMS has made it possible to calculate more exactly the influence of baseline parameters on these cardiovascular risk parameters and their response to GH. Conclusions Taken together, data from KIMS confirm earlier knowledge about the important benefits of GH replacement therapy, but also on the use of GH in specific subgroups such as isolated GHD, patients above 65 years, and patients after irradiation. No subgroup yet has been identified as not responding well to GH.