Transfusion therapy may save the lives of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but it is also associated with a high risk of transmission of infection. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of SCD in a northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and to define ways in which the procedures involved in the security of transfusions should be improved. During a 3-month period in 2006/2007, 520 samples of umbilical cord blood were obtained through neonatal screening in five health centres in Kisangani. The samples were analysed using an isoelectric focusing technique. The estimated prevalence of sickle cell trait and SCD in the population tested was 23.3 and 0.96%, respectively. These numbers will be presented for the attention of the health authorities in DRC with responsibility for SCD and they will be asked to consider improvements in treatment procedures for SCD, such as blood transfusions, as a public health priority.