Spontaneous and patterned activity, largely attributed to chemical transmission, shape the development of virtually all neural circuits. However, electrical transmission also has an important role in coordinated activity in the brain. In the olfactory bulb, gap junctions between apical dendrites of mitral cells increase excitability and synchronize firing within each glomerulus. We report here that the development of the glomerular microcircuit requires both sensory experience and connexin (Cx)36-mediated gap junctions. Coupling coefficients, which measure electrical coupling between mitral cell dendrites, were high in young mice, but decreased after postnatal day (P)10 because of a maturational increase in membrane conductance. Sensory deprivation, induced by unilateral naris occlusion at birth, slowed the morphological development of mitral cells and arrested the maturational changes in membrane conductance and coupling coefficients. As the coupling coefficients decreased in normal mice, a glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) between mitral cells emerged by P30. Although mitral-mitral EPSCs were generally unidirectional, they were not present in young adult Cx36(-/-) mice, suggesting that gap junctions are required for the development and/or function of the mature circuit. The experience-dependent transition from electrical transmission to combined chemical and electrical transmission provides a previously unappreciated mechanism that may tune the response properties of the glomerular microcircuit.