Whorl patterns on the lower lip are associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate

Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Dec;149A(12):2673-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33089.

Abstract

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common birth defect due to both genetic and environmental factors. Whorl lip print patterns are circular grooves on the central upper lip and/or the left and right lower lip. To determine if whorls are more common in families with CL/P than in controls, the Pittsburgh Orofacial Cleft Study collected lip prints from over 450 subjects, that is, individuals with CL/P, their relatives, and unrelated controls-from the U.S., Argentina, and Hungary. Using a narrow definition of lower-lip whorl, the frequency of whorls in the U.S. sample was significantly elevated in cleft individuals and their family members, compared to unrelated controls (14.8% and 13.2% vs. 2.3%; P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Whorls were more frequent in CL/P families from Argentina than in CL/P families from the U.S. or Hungary. If these results are confirmed, whorl lip print patterns could be part of an expanded phenotypic spectrum of nonsyndromic CL/P. As such, they may eventually be useful in a clinical setting, allowing recurrence risk calculations to incorporate individual phenotypic information in addition to family history data.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Case-Control Studies
  • Cleft Lip / complications*
  • Cleft Lip / pathology*
  • Cleft Palate / complications*
  • Cleft Palate / pathology*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Lip / abnormalities*
  • Male
  • Phenotype
  • Sex Characteristics