Respiratory disease in Niemann-Pick type C2 is caused by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Clin Genet. 2010 Feb;77(2):119-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01325.x. Epub 2009 Dec 10.

Abstract

Niemann-Pick diseases are hereditary neurovisceral lysosomal lipid storage disorders, of which the rare type C2 almost uniformly presents with respiratory distress in early infancy. In the patient presented here, the NPC2 exon 4 frameshift mutation c.408_409delAA caused reduced NPC2 protein levels in serum and lung lavage fluid and the synthesis of an aberrant, larger sized protein of around 28 kDa. Protein expression was strongly reduced also in alveolar macrophages. The infant developed failure to thrive and tachypnea. Lung lavage, computer tomography, and histology showed typical signs of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with an abnormal intraalveolar accumulation of surfactant as well as macrophages. An NPC2-hypomorph animal model also showed pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and accumulation of macrophages in the lung, liver, and spleen long before the mice died. Due to the elevation of cholesterol, the surfactant had an abnormal composition and function. Despite the removal of large amounts of surfactant from the lungs by therapeutic lung lavages, this treatment was only temporarily successful and the infant died of respiratory failure. Our data indicate that respiratory distress in NPC2 disease is associated with a loss of normal NPC2 protein expression in alveolar macrophages and the accumulation of functionally inactive surfactant rich in cholesterol.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • Carrier Proteins / blood
  • Carrier Proteins / chemistry
  • Carrier Proteins / genetics
  • Female
  • Frameshift Mutation
  • Glycoproteins / blood
  • Glycoproteins / chemistry
  • Glycoproteins / genetics
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Mice
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C / complications*
  • Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C / diagnostic imaging
  • Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C / pathology
  • Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis / complications*
  • Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis / diagnostic imaging
  • Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis / pathology
  • Radiography
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / complications
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / diagnostic imaging
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / etiology*
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / pathology
  • Vesicular Transport Proteins

Substances

  • Carrier Proteins
  • Glycoproteins
  • NPC2 protein, human
  • Vesicular Transport Proteins