Palladium complexes of abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes as precatalysts for the much preferred Cu-free and amine-free Sonogashira coupling in air in a mixed-aqueous medium

Dalton Trans. 2009 Dec 21:(47):10581-91. doi: 10.1039/b913068c. Epub 2009 Oct 29.

Abstract

A series of new PEPPSI (Pyridine Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation) themed precatalysts of abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes for the highly desirable Cu-free and amine-free Sonogashira coupling in air in a mixed-aqueous medium is reported. Specifically, the PEPPSI themed (NHC)PdI2(pyridine) type precatalysts, 1b-4b, efficiently carried out the highly convenient Cu-free and amine-free Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides and iodides with terminal acetylenes in air in a mixed aqueous medium. Complexes, 1b-4b, were synthesized by the direct reaction of the corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium iodide salts, 1a-4a, with PdCl2 in pyridine in the presence of K2CO3 as a base while the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinium iodide salts, 1a-4a, were in turn synthesized by the alkylation reactions of the respective imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives with alkyl iodides. The density functional theory (DFT) studies revealed that these imidazol-3-ylidene[1,2-a]pyridine derived abnormal carbenes are strongly sigma-donating and consequently significantly weaken the catalytically important labile trans pyridine ligand in 1b-4b.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Air*
  • Amines / chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Copper / chemistry
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Methane / analogs & derivatives*
  • Methane / chemistry
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Palladium / chemistry*
  • Thermodynamics
  • Water / chemistry*

Substances

  • Amines
  • Water
  • carbene
  • Palladium
  • Copper
  • Methane