To determine the possible involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we examined their infiltration pattern during the course of MOG35-55-induced EAE in the C57BL/6 mice. Using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, we found that the number of neutrophils was significantly increased during onset of disease, remained high at the peak stage and dramatically declined thereafter. Moreover, dual labeling provided anatomical evidence of a prominent accumulation of neutrophils in the center and vicinity of lesion areas of demyelination, axonal loss or axonal degeneration at early stages of EAE. These observations provide evidence that neutrophils are one of the major sources of inflammatory cells to initiate EAE, which suggest that neutrophils may contribute to demyelination and axonal degeneration in the acute phase of EAE and play a greater role than previously thought in the pathogenesis of EAE.