Introduction: Eosinophilic granuloma in the jawbones can be confused with aggressive periodontitis or more rarely with inflammatory lesions of dental origin. We had for objective to analyze the various elements of clinical, radiological, and pathological differential diagnosis for this rare lesion through a clinical observation.
Case report: A 26-year-old male patient consulted for loose teeth and gingivitis. The initial diagnosis was aggressive periodontitis. The ineffective periodontal treatment suggested another diagnosis, eosinophilic granuloma, requiring tooth extraction and curettage. A histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis. Bone scintigraphy revealed a second focus on the left maxilla. Complementary chemotherapy was efficient on the mandibular site but failed to prevent worsening on the maxilla, which was treated surgically. Thirty months after, the patient's condition was stable.
Discussion: The diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma is difficult and relies on histology and immunolabelling with protein S100 and antigen CD1a. Treatment is surgery and conservative in case of isolated lesions.