Background and objective: High-power laser has recently become a physical stimulus for bone regeneration. Little is known about how high-power laser irradiation affects osteoblast differentiation. This study investigated osteoblast responses to high-power laser and combined irradiation with BMP-2 treatment.
Study design/materials and methods: MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were exposed to laser irradiation, 100 ng/ml BMP-2 or both. Cells were irradiated with a Q-switched, pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, with a 1,064 nm wavelength and 0.75 W output power under 1.5, 3, or 5 J/cm(2) energy densities. Cell proliferation was evaluated using tetrazolium salt, WST-8. To determine the effect of these treatments on in vitro osteogenesis, we examined alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineral deposition, and expression of genes associated with osteogenesis. Quantitative real time PCR or ELISA was used to examine cytokine expression. In each experiment, either non-irradiated or BMP-2 (100 ng/ml)-treated cells were used as controls.
Results: High-power, low-level, Nd:YAG laser irradiation significantly increased ALP activity, when combined with BMP-2 or not. Cell proliferation declined in the irradiation and combined irradiation/BMP-2 groups. Interestingly, Nd:YAG laser stimulation resulted in significant induction of endogenous BMP-2 protein and gene expression. The increased expression of upstream regulators cbfa1 by Nd:YAG laser alone was comparable to exogenous BMP-2 treatment (100 ng/ml). Combined laser/BMP-2 treatment was synergistic in the expression of some genes (IGF-1, cbfa1) and ALP activity, compared to both BMP-2 treatment and laser irradiation alone. In vitro matrix mineralization was significantly accelerated by laser stimulation compared to that of the control, more so than with the combined laser/BMP-2 treatment.
Conclusions: The present in vitro findings demonstrate that high-power, low-level Nd:YAG laser increased osteoblast activity, very efficiently accelerating mineral deposition. Osteoinductive effect of laser is likely mediated by activation of BMP-2-related signaling pathway.
(c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.