Control of secondary hyperparathyroidism by vitamin D receptor agonists in chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Effective treatment options for managing secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have advanced steadily since the early 1980s, from surgical removal of the parathyroid gland to pharmacologic intervention focused on reestablishing hormonal and mineral balances. In addition, earlier recognition of CKD via estimated GFR and educational efforts have led to advancements in diagnosis and treatment of elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D deficiency. Clinical studies support the efficacy and safety of vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists as effective treatments for SHPT. A number of considerations to ensure optimal SHPT control in CKD patients are apparent. VDR agonists effectively treat SHPT and vitamin D deficiency, but dosing needs to be optimized for each patient because the patient responds in an individualized manner to treatment to suppress and stabilize PTH levels. VDR agonist therapy should be continuous to ensure continued PTH suppression, coupled with strict monitoring of calcium and phosphorus to ensure compliance within target ranges. Awareness of the complex and beneficial effects of VDR agonists contributes to improved benefits in bone mineral disease and lower mortality risks.