Risk of first-generation H(1)-antihistamines: a GA(2)LEN position paper

Allergy. 2010 Apr;65(4):459-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02325.x. Epub 2010 Feb 8.

Abstract

Background: First-generation H(1)-antihistamines obtained without prescription are the most frequent form of self-medication for allergic diseases, coughs and colds and insomnia even though they have potentially dangerous unwanted effects which are not recognized by the general public.

Aims: To increase consumer protection by bringing to the attention of regulatory authorities, physicians and the general public the potential dangers of the indiscriminate use first-generation H(1)-antihistamines purchased over-the counter in the absence of appropriate medical supervision.

Methods: A GA(2)LEN (Global Allergy and Asthma European Network) task force assessed the unwanted side-effects and potential dangers of first-generation H1-antihistamines by reviewing the literature (Medline and Embase) and performing a media audit of US coverage from 1996 to 2008 of accidents and fatal adverse events in which these drugs were implicated.

Results: First-generation H(1)-antihistamines, all of which are sedating, are generally regarded as safe by laypersons and healthcare professionals because of their long-standing use. However, they reduce rapid eye movement (REM)-sleep, impair learning and reduce work efficiency. They are implicated in civil aviation, motor vehicle and boating accidents, deaths as a result of accidental or intentional overdosing in infants and young children and suicide in teenagers and adults. Some exhibit cardiotoxicity in overdose.

Conclusions: This review raises the issue of better consumer protection by recommending that older first-generation H(1)-antihistamines should no longer be available over-the-counter as prescription- free drugs for self-medication of allergic and other diseases now that newer second- generation nonsedating H(1)-antihistamines with superior risk/benefit ratios are widely available at competitive prices.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Brain / drug effects
  • Cognition / drug effects
  • Drug Approval / legislation & jurisprudence
  • Histamine H1 Antagonists / adverse effects*
  • Humans
  • Hypersensitivity / drug therapy
  • Nonprescription Drugs / adverse effects*
  • United States

Substances

  • Histamine H1 Antagonists
  • Nonprescription Drugs