The association of pipe and cigar use with cotinine levels, lung function, and airflow obstruction: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: Cigarette smoking is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but studies on the contribution of other smoking techniques are sparse.

Objective: To determine whether pipe and cigar smoking was associated with elevated cotinine levels, decrements in lung function, and increased odds of airflow obstruction.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Population-based sample from 6 U.S. communities.

Participants: Men and women aged 48 to 90 years without clinical cardiovascular disease at enrollment who were part of MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).

Measurements: The MESA Lung Study measured spirometry according to American Thoracic Society guidelines and urine cotinine levels by immunoassay on a subsample of MESA. Pipe-years and cigar-years were calculated as years from self-reported age of starting to age of quitting (or to current age in current users) multiplied by pipe-bowls or cigars per day.

Results: Of 3528 participants, 9% reported pipe smoking (median, 15 pipe-years), 11% reported cigar smoking (median, 6 cigar-years), and 52% reported cigarette smoking (median, 18 pack-years). Self-reported current pipe and cigar smokers had elevated urine cotinine levels compared with never-smokers. Pipe-years were associated with decrements in FEV(1), and cigar-years were associated with decrements in the FEV(1)-FVC ratio. Participants who smoked pipes or cigars had increased odds of airflow obstruction whether they had also smoked cigarettes (odds ratio, 3.43 [95% CI, 1.75 to 6.71]; P < 0.001) or not (odds ratio, 2.31 [CI, 1.04 to 5.11]; P = 0.039) compared with participants with no smoking history.

Limitation: Cross-sectional design.

Conclusion: Pipe and cigar smoking increased urine cotinine levels and was associated with decreased lung function and increased odds of airflow obstruction, even in participants who had never smoked cigarettes.

Primary funding source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.

Figure 1

Recruitment of the MESA Lung Study and Exclusions for the Current Study Sample MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Figure 2

Urinary cotinine levels by self-report of current smoking technique Thick lines = median values of cotinine (log scale); box height = interquartile range; box width is proportional to sample size; upper and lower horizontal thin bars = maximum and minimum values excluding outliers; small circles = outlier values. P<0.001 for all smoking techniques vs. never smokers. Never smoked (n=1,620): reported smoking less than 100 cigarettes, less than 20 pipe-bowls and less than 20 cigars in life. Cigar smokers (n=47): reported current cigar use but denied current pipe or cigarette smoking. Pipe Smokers (n=6): reported current pipe use but denied current cigarette smoking. Cigarette smokers (n=330): reported current cigarette smoking.