1. To investigate the morphology and physiology of vertical medium-lead burst neurons with downward on-directions (DMLBs), we impaled midbrain axons and recorded their discharge patterns in relation to spontaneous saccades of alert, behaving squirrel monkeys. Selected axons were injected with horseradish peroxidase and morphologically characterized. 2. DMLBs emitted bursts of impulses that preceded rapid eye movements by approximately 5 ms. Parameters of the burst (duration and number of spikes) were highly correlated with parameters of the saccadic eye movement (duration and amplitude of the downward displacement of the eyes). 3. Somata of DMLBs were recovered in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF, n = 14), and in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (NIC, n = 2). Fibers originating from riMLF DMLBs projected, usually ipsilaterally, to the NIC as well as in the inferior rectus and the superior oblique subdivisions of the oculomotor complex. The axons of NIC DMLBs projected to the ipsilateral riMLF, NIC, and the mesencephalic reticular formation but not to the oculomotor complex. 4. Our data demonstrate that some DMLBs can provide extraocular motoneurons of both eyes with the pulse of activity they display during downward saccades. In addition, such neurons can supply the NIC with one of the signals that this nucleus is thought to integrate to extract an estimate of the vertical eye position. Finally, our data demonstrate the existence of DMLBs that do not establish direct connections with oculomotoneurons.