1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA Departments of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA Analgesic Research, Needham, MA, and Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.