The traditional concept of chronic UV exposure as a central factor in the pathogenesis of pterygium has been repeatedly confirmed by large epidemiological studies in recent years. Despite its high prevalence in some regions and populations, pterygium is only rarely a cause of blindness. In addition to the latitude of residence, risk factors include years of working outdoors, increasing age and male gender. Regular wearing of adequate sun protection is an economical and simple prophylaxis with proven effect and is recommended, as well as public education, in particular to groups of people who exercise their profession outdoors.