The aim of this text is to discuss the state of science in the neuropsychology of executive functions, defined as higher-order skills involved in the energization, regulation, sound execution and on-line readjustment of goal-directed behaviors. To reach this aim, we conducted a theoretical review of contemporary models of executive functions, their neural substrates and dynamic organization and the headways in neuropsychological assessment. We provide an updated integrative overview of the theoretical accounts and clinical advances of neuropsychological research on executive functions following a multicomponent approach, which posits that executive functions encompass several interactive executive subprocesses. We conclude that executive functions constitute mechanisms of inter-modal and inter-temporal integration that allow us to project cognitions and emotions towards future scenarios in order to best resolve novel complex situations. We currently have a well-grounded set of neuropsychological instruments able to characterize the competence of a number of executive subprocesses and their dynamic interaction and theoretical models ready to guide potential advances in their understanding.