Ozone modulates the effects of imipramine on immobility in the forced swim test, and nonspecific parameters of hippocampal oxidative stress in the rat

Metab Brain Dis. 2010 Jun;25(2):125-33. doi: 10.1007/s11011-010-9189-7. Epub 2010 May 9.

Abstract

Depression has been associated with oxidative stress. There is increased awareness of the role of environmental toxins in the development of mood disorders. Ozone, a pro-oxidant and environmental pollutant, has been noted to have central nervous system effects. We investigated the effects of acute and chronic ozone inhalation on the response of imipramine in the forced-swim test (FST) and on biomarkers of oxidative stress in rat hippocampus. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 0.25 or 0.7 ppm ozone per inhalation 4 h daily for either 30 days (chronic) or once (acute). Animals were then injected intraperitoneally with imipramine (10 mg/kg) or saline 24, 5 and 1 h before the forced-swim test. Hippocampal superoxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation were measured. Imipramine evoked an antidepressant-like effect independent of acute or chronic ozone exposure. However, 0.7 ppm acute ozone and 0.25 ppm chronic ozone attenuated the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine. The ozone exposures also elevated hippocampal superoxide accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, imipramine reversed the lipid peroxidation induced by chronic ozone, thereby preventing cellular damage induced by oxidative stress. Ozone exposure presents a feasible model with etiological validity to investigate oxidative stress in depression and antidepressant action.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / pharmacology
  • Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / therapeutic use
  • Depressive Disorder / chemically induced*
  • Depressive Disorder / drug therapy*
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Hazardous Substances / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Hazardous Substances / toxicity
  • Hippocampus / drug effects*
  • Hippocampus / metabolism
  • Imipramine / pharmacology*
  • Imipramine / therapeutic use
  • Immobilization
  • Male
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects*
  • Oxidative Stress / physiology
  • Ozone / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Ozone / toxicity*
  • Physical Exertion / drug effects*
  • Physical Exertion / physiology
  • Rats
  • Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  • Swimming / physiology
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic
  • Hazardous Substances
  • Ozone
  • Imipramine