Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on quadriceps strength, function, and patient-oriented outcomes: a systematic review

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Jul;40(7):383-91. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2010.3184.

Abstract

Study design: Systematic literature review.

Objective: To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on quadriceps strength, functional performance, and self-reported function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Background: Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of NMES following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Methods: Searches were performed for randomized controlled trials using electronic databases from 1966 through October 2008. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. Between-group effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results: Eight randomized controlled trials were included. The average Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale score was 4 out of possible maximum 10. The effect sizes for quadriceps strength measures (isometric or isokinetic torque) from 7 studies ranged from -0.74 to 3.81 at approximately 6 weeks postoperatively; 6 of 11 comparisons were statistically significant, with strength benefits favoring NMES treatment. The effect sizes for functional performance measures from 1 study ranged from 0.07 to 0.64 at 6 weeks postoperatively; none of 3 comparisons were statistically significant, and the effect sizes for self-reported function measures from 1 study were 0.66 and 0.72 at 12 to 16 weeks postoperatively; both comparisons were statistically significant, with benefits favoring NMES treatment.

Conclusion: NMES combined with exercise may be more effective in improving quadriceps strength than exercise alone, whereas its effect on functional performance and patient-oriented outcomes is inconclusive. Inconsistencies were noted in the NMES parameters and application of NMES.

Level of evidence: Therapy, level 1a-.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Systematic Review

MeSH terms

  • Anterior Cruciate Ligament / surgery*
  • Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
  • Combined Modality Therapy
  • Electric Stimulation Therapy*
  • Exercise Therapy
  • Humans
  • Muscle Weakness / etiology
  • Muscle Weakness / therapy*
  • Orthopedic Procedures / adverse effects
  • Quadriceps Muscle / physiology*
  • Quadriceps Muscle / surgery
  • Recovery of Function