Kyphoplasty (KP) and vertebroplasty (VP) are both minimally invasive surgical techniques, which can enhance the mechanical stability of the vertebral lesion by injecting filling materials into the fractured vertebra. The filling materials used in KP and VP include injectable PMMA, composite bone cement, biodegradable bone cement, calcium phosphate cement (CPC), and others. Different filling materials have different effects on the biomechanical properties of vertebral bodies, causing various biomechanical effects on the adjacent vertebral bodies. In conclusion, the development of filling materials can improve the anti-pressure capacity and effectively maintain good morphological characteristics of fractured vertebral bodies.