Clinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor needs broad target blockade in BRAF-mutant melanoma

Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):596-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09454.

Abstract

B-RAF is the most frequently mutated protein kinase in human cancers. The finding that oncogenic mutations in BRAF are common in melanoma, followed by the demonstration that these tumours are dependent on the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, offered hope that inhibition of B-RAF kinase activity could benefit melanoma patients. Herein, we describe the structure-guided discovery of PLX4032 (RG7204), a potent inhibitor of oncogenic B-RAF kinase activity. Preclinical experiments demonstrated that PLX4032 selectively blocked the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in BRAF mutant cells and caused regression of BRAF mutant xenografts. Toxicology studies confirmed a wide safety margin consistent with the high degree of selectivity, enabling Phase 1 clinical trials using a crystalline formulation of PLX4032 (ref. 5). In a subset of melanoma patients, pathway inhibition was monitored in paired biopsy specimens collected before treatment initiation and following two weeks of treatment. This analysis revealed substantial inhibition of ERK phosphorylation, yet clinical evaluation did not show tumour regressions. At higher drug exposures afforded by a new amorphous drug formulation, greater than 80% inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in the tumours of patients correlated with clinical response. Indeed, the Phase 1 clinical data revealed a remarkably high 81% response rate in metastatic melanoma patients treated at an oral dose of 960 mg twice daily. These data demonstrate that BRAF-mutant melanomas are highly dependent on B-RAF kinase activity.

Publication types

  • Clinical Trial, Phase I
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Alleles
  • Animals
  • Dogs
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Indoles / administration & dosage
  • Indoles / adverse effects
  • Indoles / chemistry
  • Indoles / therapeutic use*
  • MAP Kinase Signaling System / drug effects
  • Macaca fascicularis
  • Melanoma / drug therapy*
  • Melanoma / enzymology*
  • Melanoma / genetics
  • Melanoma / pathology
  • Models, Molecular
  • Mutant Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Mutant Proteins / chemistry
  • Mutant Proteins / genetics
  • Mutant Proteins / metabolism
  • Mutation / genetics*
  • Neoplasm Metastasis
  • Phosphorylation / drug effects
  • Positron-Emission Tomography
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / chemistry
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / genetics
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / metabolism
  • Rats
  • Substrate Specificity
  • Sulfonamides / administration & dosage
  • Sulfonamides / adverse effects
  • Sulfonamides / chemistry
  • Sulfonamides / therapeutic use*
  • Vemurafenib
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Substances

  • Indoles
  • Mutant Proteins
  • Sulfonamides
  • Vemurafenib
  • BRAF protein, human
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases

Associated data

  • PDB/3OG7