Lung cancer, specifically non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In China, a dramatic increase in the incidence of NSCLC is expected in the next 20 years (Molina et al. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:584–594). Mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status is a known predictor of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and immunohistochemistry may be a less costly way of predicting presence of mutation. In this study, mutation analysis of EGFR in 218 cases of NSCLC was performed. One hundred thirty tissue samples were examined via immunohistochemistry of p-EGFR (Y1045 and Y1068) and correlated with mutation status. Mutations were seen in 29% of patients, and were correlated with female sex, nonsmoking history, and adenocarcinoma histology. Phosphorylation at Y1045 was noted in 52% of cases, but in 71% of cases with EGFR mutation (P = .003). Phosphorylation of Y1068 was seen in 55% of cases but in 73% of cases with EGFR mutation (P = .006). This study correlating EGFR mutation with p-EGFR expression in resected NSCLC is one of the largest to date, although TKI response could not be assessed. The data show that, among Chinese patients, detection of p-1045 and p-1068 expression with immunohistochemistry predicts EGFR mutations. Immunohistochemical analysis of p-EGFR may be useful to predict responses to TKI therapy, although future studies are necessary.