Outcome in haematological patients who develop critical illness has significantly improved over the last two decades, but less so in allogeneic BMT recipients. We prospectively investigated the outcome of 44 haematological patients with allogeneic BM or haematopoietic SCT (ABMT/AHSCT) requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Ghent University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2007. We related outcome to the cause of critical illness, which was categorized as documented or clinically suspected bacterial infection, non-bacterial infection and non-infectious disease. Mechanical ventilation was required in 32 patients, and 12 patients received renal replacement therapy. Overall ICU-mortality, in-hospital mortality and 6-month mortality rates were 61, 75 and 80%, respectively. Hospital mortality rates in patients with bacterial infection (n=14), non-bacterial infection (n=13) and non-infectious disease (n=17) were 43, 85 and 94% (P=0.003). After adjustment for severity of illness sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, bacterial infection (odds ratio 0.06, 0.01-0.36, P=0.002) was associated with significantly lower odds for hospital mortality. On the basis of our experience, ICU referral of ABMT/AHSCT patients is justifiable, as an acceptable fraction of these patients have longer-term survival. Documented or clinically suspected bacterial infection as the cause of critical illness is associated with better prognosis in comparison with other causes.