Vision therapy by orthoptists is a form of treatment to restore binocular single vision and to enhance the control of a deviation using prisms and convergence therapy. It is differentiated from optometric behavioral vision therapy (BVT) as a form of treatment to decrease rates ofjuvenile recidivism and to improve learning disabilities using colored overlays and tools such as trampolines. Evidence-based findings of randomized controlled clinical trials versus conclusions drawn from nonrandomized, poorly controlled studies of various forms of vision therapy are explored. Concrete evidence in the mainstream literature supports the positive effects of eye exercises in patients with convergence insufficiency and yoked prisms in patients with neurologic deficits. Vision therapy for juvenile delinquents and patients with dyslexia is unsubstantiated.