Self-evaluation of single-dose (15 mg) action and course treatment (30 mg daily) results were studied in patients with anxiety and asthenic disorders treated with the new anxiolytic afobazole. Also, relationships between self-evaluated parameters and personal features, clinician-rated therapeutic changes, and treatment effectiveness were analyzed. The study was conducted according to formalized protocol using standard scales and methods. Results suggest that higher self-rated tolerability and patient acceptability were associated with afobazole treatment in comparison to benzodiazepines. The results revealed relationships between self-evaluated single-dose effects of afobazole and other parameters, personal features, cognitive impairments severity, main drug effects, and overall treatment effectiveness.