Substantial residual risk of development of macro- and microvascular complications is retained in most patients despite contemporary standards of therapy. The search for the solution of actual problem of lowering of residual risk of vascular complications is the aim of multiple current scientific studies conducted in medical practice of the world. The program Residual Vascular Risk Reduction Initiative (R3i) was called upon to join efforts of medical professionals and patients from different countries for solution of the global problem of residual risk of development of vascular complications. In the review we describe objective and main directions of activity of this project. We also give characteristics of individual component factors of residual risk of development of vascular complications investigated in the framework of the R3i program as well as possible methods of improvement of their correction.