Investigating synergism during sequential inactivation of MS-2 phage and Bacillus subtilis spores with UV/H2O2 followed by free chlorine

Abstract

A sequential application of UV as a primary disinfectant with and without H(2)O(2) addition followed by free chlorine as secondary, residual disinfectant was performed to evaluate the synergistic inactivation of selected indicator microorganisms, MS-2 bacteriophage and Bacillus subtilis spores. No synergism was observed when the UV irradiation treatment was followed by free chlorine, i.e., the overall level of inactivation was the same as the sum of the inactivation levels achieved by each disinfection step. With the addition of H(2)O(2) in the primary UV disinfection step, however, enhanced microbial inactivation was observed. The synergism was observed in two folds manners: (1) additional inactivation achieved by hydroxyl radicals generated from the photolysis of H(2)O(2) in the primary UV disinfection step, and (2) damage to microorganisms in the primary step which facilitated the subsequent chlorine inactivation. Addition of H(2)O(2) in the primary disinfection step was also found to be beneficial for the degradation of selected model organic pollutants including bisphenol-A (endocrine disruptor), geosmin (taste and odor causing compound) and 2,4-D (herbicide). The results suggest that the efficiency of UV/free chlorine sequential disinfection processes, which are widely employed in drinking water treatment, could be significantly enhanced by adding H(2)O(2) in the primary step and hence converting the UV process to an advanced oxidation process.