Selective colorimetric sensing of Cu2+ using triazolyl monoazo derivative

Abstract

Although the high sensitivity, high selectivity and fast response make emission (fluorescence) based technique as one of the most promising tool for developing the chemosensors for metal ions, the past few years have witnessed a demand for the absorption based chemosensors for paramagnetic heavy metal ions, especially Cu(2+). Being paramagnetic, Cu(2+) leads to the low signal outputs ("turn-off") caused by decreased emission which may sometimes give false positive response, rendering the emission based technique less reliable for analytical purposes. Herein, we report synthesis and characterization of a hetarylazo derivative, characterized by a strong charge-transfer band which gets attenuated convincingly in the presence of Cu(2+) leading to distinct naked-eye color change (yellow to purple), and to a lesser extent in the presence of Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+), Pb(2+), Fe(2+), Ni(2+), Fe(3+) and Hg(2+) for which the naked eye sensitivity was comparatively (w.r.t. Cu(2+)) much less. No response was observed for the other metal ions including Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+), Ag(+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+), and lanthanides Ce(3+), La(3+), Pr(3+), Eu(3+), Nd(3+), Lu(3+), Yb(3+), Tb(3+), Sm(3+), Gd(3+). The proposed sensing mechanism has been ascribed to the stabilization of LUMO after complexation with Cu(2+) and a 1:1 stoichiometry has been deduced.