Glucocorticoid receptor haplotype is associated with a decreased risk of delirium in the elderly

Abstract

Delirium is the most common mental disorder at older age in hospitals after acute admission. The pathogenesis of delirium is largely unknown. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to increased cortisol levels, has been suggested to play a role in the development of delirium. The effects of cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid (GC) in humans, are mainly mediated by the GC receptor (GR). Several polymorphisms in the GR gene that alter the GC sensitivity are known. The aim of this study was to study the role of these GR polymorphisms in delirium in elderly patients. Patients aged 65 years and older admitted to the medical department or scheduled for hip surgery were included. Delirium was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GC receptor gene were genotyped and haplotypes were constructed. Delirium was associated with impaired cognitive (P < 0.001) and functional function (P < 0.001), as well as with older age (P < 0.001). Homozygous carriers of haplotype 4, characterized by the presence of the BclI and TthIIII minor alleles, had a 92% decreased risk of developing delirium (P = 0.02), independent of age, cognitive, and functional state. Homozygous carriage of the BclI-TthIIII haplotype of the GR gene is related to a reduced risk of developing delirium. This suggests that altered GC signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis and development of delirium in the elderly.