Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults

Abstract

Background: Obesity exacerbates the age-related decline in physical function and causes frailty in older adults; however, the appropriate treatment for obese older adults is controversial.

Methods: In this 1-year, randomized, controlled trial, we evaluated the independent and combined effects of weight loss and exercise in 107 adults who were 65 years of age or older and obese. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group, a weight-management (diet) group, an exercise group, or a weight-management-plus-exercise (diet-exercise) group. The primary outcome was the change in score on the modified Physical Performance Test. Secondary outcomes included other measures of frailty, body composition, bone mineral density, specific physical functions, and quality of life.

Results: A total of 93 participants (87%) completed the study. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the score on the Physical Performance Test, in which higher scores indicate better physical status, increased more in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group or the exercise group (increases from baseline of 21% vs. 12% and 15%, respectively); the scores in all three of those groups increased more than the scores in the control group (in which the score increased by 1%) (P<0.001 for the between-group differences). Moreover, the peak oxygen consumption improved more in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group or the exercise group (increases of 17% vs. 10% and 8%, respectively; P<0.001); the score on the Functional Status Questionnaire, in which higher scores indicate better physical function, increased more in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group (increase of 10% vs. 4%, P<0.001). Body weight decreased by 10% in the diet group and by 9% in the diet-exercise group, but did not decrease in the exercise group or the control group (P<0.001). Lean body mass and bone mineral density at the hip decreased less in the diet-exercise group than in the diet group (reductions of 3% and 1%, respectively, in the diet-exercise group vs. reductions of 5% and 3%, respectively, in the diet group; P<0.05 for both comparisons). Strength, balance, and gait improved consistently in the diet-exercise group (P<0.05 for all comparisons). Adverse events included a small number of exercise-associated musculoskeletal injuries.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that a combination of weight loss and exercise provides greater improvement in physical function than either intervention alone. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00146107.).

Figure 1

Screening, Randomization, and Follow-up.

Figure 2. Mean Percentage Changes in Objective and Subjective Measures of Frailty during the 1-Year Intervention

The objective measures of frailty included the scores on the Physical Performance Test (PPT), which range from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating better physical status (Panel A), and the peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) (Panel B). The scores on the Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ), which range from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating better functional status, were used as a subjective measure of frailty (Panel C). The change in the scores on the PPT was the primary outcome. In Panels A and B, the change in the diet–exercise group differed significantly from the changes in the exercise group and in the diet group, and the changes in the exercise group and in the diet group differed significantly from that in the control group. In Panel C, the change in the diet–exercise group differed significantly from that in the diet group, and the changes in the exercise group and in the diet group differed significantly from that in the control group. I bars indicate standard errors.

Figure 3. Mean Percentage Changes in Body Weight during the 1-Year Intervention

I bars indicate standard errors.