The article analyses experience in the examination and treatment of 41 patients (28 males and 13 females) with tracheoesophageal fistulas. Their ages ranged from 8 to 69 years. The etiological factors, pathogenesis, and clinical symptomatology of tracheoesophageal fistulas are discussed. The modern methods of the diagnosis of this pathological condition are treated of, the main one among them is radioendoscopic examination. The indications for radical, conditionally radical, and palliative operations in tracheoesophageal fistulas are determined, their techniques are described, and the methods for the prevention of complications are outlined. The late-term results of various types of operations were studied.