Endophthalmitis is an infection and inflammation of the interior of the eye that can result in significant vision loss. This infection occurs as a result of the seeding of organisms into the interior of the eye following surgery (postoperative), trauma (post-traumatic) or an infection in another site in the body (endogenous). The general rate of endophthalmitis has remained steady over the past several years. However, the increased use of intraocular injections to treat various degenerative and inflammatory ocular diseases, in addition to the already large and growing number of invasive ocular surgeries, may increase the opportunities in which organisms can gain access to the eye. In most cases of endophthalmitis, useful vision can be retained if proper treatment is instituted. However, in severe cases of bacterial endophthalmitis, blindness often occurs despite treatment. This article summarizes information on endophthalmitis epidemiology, treatment issues and current regimens, and recent experimental and clinical efforts to improve the outcome of severe and blinding forms of bacterial endophthalmitis.