A highly selective, cell-permeable fluorescent nanoprobe for ratiometric detection and imaging of peroxynitrite in living cells

Abstract

Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) is a highly reactive species implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases and there is currently great interest in developing fluorescent probes that can selectively detect ONOO(-) in living cells. Herein, a polymeric micelle-based and cell-penetrating peptide-coated fluorescent nanoprobe that incorporates ONOO(-) indicator dye and reference dye for the ratiometric detection and imaging of ONOO(-) has been developed. The nanoprobe effectively avoids the influences from enzymatic reaction and high-concentration ·OH and ClO(-). The improved ONOO(-) selectivity of the nanoprobe is achieved by a delicate complementarity of properties between the nanomatrix and the embedded molecular probe (BzSe-Cy). This nanoprobe also has other attractive properties, such as good water solubility, photostability, biocompatibility, and near-infrared excitation and emission. Fluorescence imaging experiments by confocal microscopy show that this nanoprobe is capable of visualizing ONOO(-) produced in living cells and it exhibits very low toxicity and good membrane permeability. We anticipate that this technique will be a potential tool for the precise pathological understanding and diagnosis of ONOO(-)-related human diseases.