Objective: With the progress of anti-tuberculous therapy, tuberculous peritonitis (TBP) has become a rare manifestation of active tuberculosis. Its early diagnosis is difficult due to lack of pathognomonic findings and specific symptoms. However, early diagnosis is important for effective treatment and for reducing fatality.
Materials and method: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of eight patients who were hospitalized with TBP in National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital during the periods between 2001 and 2009.
Results: Three patients were males and five were females. The age of the patients ranged between 28 and 80 years old (average 67.3 years). The most common presenting findings were abdominal distention seen in four patients and loss of appetite in five patients. Blood examination suggested that most patients were in poor nutrition. Three patients were diagnosed based on bacteriological examination, two based on histopathological findings of caseating granulomas, two based on the elevation of adenosine deaminase activity in ascitic fluid and one based on clinical diagnosis. The most common CT findings were thin lines along mesenteric vessels representing thickened mesenteric leaves and smooth uniform peritoneal thickening. Most patients were treated with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol for 9 months with/without pyrazinamide initially. Seven patients completed anti-tuberculous therapy successfully and were cured. However, one patient died of the deterioration of tuberculosis.
Conclusion: TBP should be considered for diagnosis, in patients with non-specific abdominal symptoms. Adenosine deaminase activity in ascitic fluid and CT images are considered to be useful for the diagnosis of TBP in patients in whom bacteriological and histopathological examinations are difficult to perform.