1. Alexopoulos G. S., Meyers B. S., Young R. C., Kalayam B., Kakuma T., Gabrielle M., Sirey J. A., Hull J. (2000). Executive dysfunction and long-term outcomes of geriatric depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 285–29010.1001/archpsyc.57.3.285 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Allen N. B., Badcock P. B. T. (2003). The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological perspectives. Psychol. Bull. 129, 887–91310.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Allen N. B., Badcock P. B. T. (2006). Darwinian models of depression: a review of evolutionary accounts of mood and mood disorders. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 30, 815–82610.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.007 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Amat J., Aleksejev R. M., Paul E., Watkins L. R., Maier S. F. (2010). Behavioral control over shock blocks behavioral and neurochemical effects of later social defeat. Neuroscience 165, 1031–103810.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.005 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Amat J., Baratta M. V., Paul E., Bland S. T., Watkins L. R., Maier S. F. (2005). Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 365–37110.1038/nn1399 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Amat J., Paul E., Zarza C., Watkins L. R., Maier S. F. (2006). Previous experience with behavioral control over stress blocks the behavioral and dorsal raphe nucleus activating effects of later uncontrollable stress: role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 26, 13264–1327210.1523/JNEUROSCI.3630-06.2006 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). (DSM-IV-TR) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc
    1. Amsterdam J. D., Bodkin J. A. (2006). Selegiline transdermal system in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder: a 52-week, double-blind, placebo-substitution, parallel-group clinical trial. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 26, 579–58610.1097/01.jcp.0000239794.37073.70 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Andrews P. W., Aggen S. H., Miller G. F., Radi C., Dencoff J. E., Neale M. C. (2007). The functional design of depression's influence on attention: a preliminary test of alternative control-process mechanisms. Evol. Psychol. 5, 584–604
    1. Andrews P. W., Thomson J. A., Jr. (2009). The bright side of being blue: depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems. Psychol. Rev. 116, 620–65410.1037/a0016242 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Anisman H., Matheson K. (2005). Stress, depression, and anhedonia: caveats concerning animal models. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29, 525–54610.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.007 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Anton S. F., Robinson D. S., Roberts D. L., Kensler T. T., English P. A., Archibald D. G. (1994). Long-term treatment of depression with nefazodone. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 30, 165–169 - PubMed
    1. Badcock P. B. T., Allen N. B. (2003). Adaptive social reasoning in depressed mood and depressive vulnerability. Cogn. Emot. 17, 647–67010.1080/02699930302299 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Baldessarini R. J., Ghaemi S. N., Viguera A. C. (2002). Tolerance in antidepressant treatment. Psychother. Psychosom. 71, 177–17910.1159/000063641 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bano S., Gitay M., Ara I., Badawy A. (2010). Acute effects of serotonergic antidepressants on tryptophan metabolism and corticosterone levels in rats. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 23, 266–272 - PubMed
    1. Baratta M. V., Zarza C. M., Gomez D. M., Campeau S., Watkins L. R., Maier S. F. (2009). Selective activation of dorsal raphe nucleus-projecting neurons in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex by controllable stress. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30, 1111–111610.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06867.x - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Beck A. T., Beamesderfer A. (1974). “Assessment of depression: the depression inventory,” in Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, ed. Pichot P. (Basel: Karger; ), 151–169 - PubMed
    1. Bel N., Artigas F. (1995). In vivo evidence for the reversible action of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor brofaromine on 5-hydroxytryptamine release in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 351, 475–48210.1007/BF00171038 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Berton O., Nestler E. J. (2006). New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 137–15110.1038/nrn1846 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Best J., Nijhout H. F., Reed M. (2010). Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a mathematical model. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 10.1186/1742-4682-7-34 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bongiovanni R., Newbould E., Jaskiw G. E. (2008). Tyrosine depletion lowers dopamine synthesis and desipramine-induced prefrontal cortex catecholamine levels. Brain Res. 1190, 39–4810.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.079 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Brandts C. H., Ndjave M., Graninger W., Kremsner P. G. (1997). Effect of paracetamol on parasite clearance time in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet 350, 704–70910.1016/S0140-6736(97)02255-1 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bremner J. D., Smith W. T. (1996). Org 3770 vs amitriptyline in the continuation treatment of depression: a placebo controlled trial. Eur. J. Psychiatry 10, 5–15
    1. Bursztajn H. J., Brodsky A. (1998). Ethical and legal dimensions of benzodiazepine prescription: a commentary. Psychiatr. Ann. 28, 121–128 - PubMed
    1. Bymaster F. P., Zhang W., Carter P. A., Shaw J., Chernet E., Phebus L., Wong D. T., Perry K. W. (2002). Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, increases norepinephrine and dopamine extracellular levels in prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 160, 353–36110.1007/s00213-001-0986-x - DOI - PubMed
    1. Byrne S. E., Rothschild A. J. (1998). Loss of antidepressant efficacy during maintenance therapy: possible mechanisms and treatments. J. Clin. Psychiatry 59, 279–28810.4088/JCP.v59n0602 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Campbell I., Marshall E. (1974). Effects of chronic regimes of phenelzine, tranylcypromine and imipramine on rat brain noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine. J. Pharmacol. 5, 14–15
    1. Cheung A., Kusumakar V., Kutcher S., Dubo E., Garland J., Weiss M., Kiss A., Levitt A. (2008). Maintenance study for adolescent depression. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 18, 389–39410.1089/cap.2008.0001 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chouinard G. (2004). Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: potency, withdrawal, and rebound. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65, 7–12 - PubMed
    1. Claghorn J. L., Feighner J. P. (1993). A double-blind comparison of paroxetine with imipramine in the long-term treatment of depression. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 13, S23–S2710.1097/00004714-199312002-00004 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cook B. L., Helms P. M., Smith R. E., Tsai M. (1986). Unipolar depression in the elderly: reoccurrence on discontinuation on tricyclic antidepressants. J. Affect. Disord. 10, 91–9410.1016/0165-0327(86)90031-5 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Coppen A., Ghose K., Montgomery S., Rao V. A. R., Bailey J., Jorgensen A. (1978). Continuation therapy with amitriptyline in depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 133, 28–3310.1192/bjp.133.3.206 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Coryell W., Endicott J., Winokur G., Akiskal H., Solomon D., Leon A., Mueller T., Shea T. (1995). Characteristics and significance of untreated major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1124–1129 - PubMed
    1. Cryan J. F., O'Leary O. F., Jin S. H., Friedland J. C., Ouyang M., Hirsch B. R., Page M. E., Dalvi A., Thomas S. A., Lucki I. (2004). Norepinephrine-deficient mice lack responses to antidepressant drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 8186–819110.1073/pnas.0401080101 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dantzer R. (2001). Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: where do we stand? Brain Behav. Immun. 15, 7–2410.1006/brbi.2000.0613 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Davidson J., Raft D. (1984). Use of phenelzine in continuation therapy. Neuropsychobiology 11, 191–19410.1159/000118076 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dawson L. A., Li P. (2003). Effects of 5-HT6 receptor blockade on the neurochemical outcome of antidepressant treatment in the frontal cortex of the rat. J. Neural Transm. 110, 577–59010.1007/s00702-003-0812-1 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Detke M. J., Wiltse C. G., Mallinckrodt C. H., McNamara R. K., Demitrack M. A., Bitter I. (2004). Duloxetine in the acute and long-term treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trial. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14, 457–47010.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.01.002 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dobson K. S., Hollon S. D., Dimidjian S., Schmaling K. B., Kohlenberg R. J., Gallop R. J., Rizvi S. L., Gollan J. K., Dunner D. L., Jacobson N. S. (2008). Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the prevention of relapse and recurrence in major depression. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 76, 468–47710.1037/0022-006X.76.3.468 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Doogan D. P., Caillard V. (1992). Sertraline in the prevention of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 160, 217–22210.1192/bjp.160.2.217 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Drevets W. C. (1998). Functional neuroimaging studies of depression: the anatomy of melancholia. Annu. Rev. Med. 49, 341.10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.341 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Duman R. S. (2004). Depression: a case of neuronal life and death? Biol. Psychiatry 56, 140–14510.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.033 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Duman R. S., Monteggia L. M. (2006). A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 59, 1116–112710.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.013 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M., Faron-Gorecka A., Kusmider M., Drozdowska E., Rogoz Z., Siwanowicz J., Caron M. G., Bönisch H. (2006). Effect of antidepressant drugs in mice lacking the norepinephrine transporter. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 2424–243210.1038/sj.npp.1301064 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Emslie G. J., Kennard B. D., Mayes T. L., Nightingale-Teresi J., Carmody T., Hughes C. W., Rush A. J., Tao R., Rintelmann J. W. (2008). Fluoxetine versus placebo in preventing relapse of major depression in children and adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 459–46710.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07091453 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Entsuah A. R., Rudolph R. L., Hackett D., Miska S. (1996). Efficacy of venlafaxine and placebo during long-term treatment of depression: a pooled analysis of relapse rates. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 11, 137–14510.1097/00004850-199611020-00008 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Eric L. (1991). A prospective, double-blind, comparative, multicentre study of paroxetine and placebo in preventing recurrent major depressive episodes. Biol. Psychiatry 29, 254S–255S
    1. Fava G. A., Offidani E. (2011). The mechanisms of tolerance in antidepressant action. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print].10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.026 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fava M. (2006). Prospective studies of adverse events related to antidepressant discontinuation. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67, 14–2110.4088/JCP.v67n1113 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Finberg J. P. M., Pacak K., Kopin I. J., Goldstein D. S. (1993). Chronic inhibition of monoamine oxidase type A increases noradrenaline release in rat frontal cortex. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 347, 500–50510.1007/BF00166742 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fournier J. C., DeRubeis R. J., Hollon S. D., Dimidjian S., Amsterdam J. D., Shelton R. C., Fawcett J. (2010). Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA 303, 47–5310.1001/jama.2009.1943 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fuller R. W., Perry K. W., Molloy B. B. (1974). Effect of an uptake inhibitor on serotonin metabolism in rat brain: studies with 3-para-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-n-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (Lilly 110140). Life Sci. 15, 1161–117110.1016/S0024-3205(74)80012-3 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Geddes J. R., Carney S. M., Davies C., Furukawa T. A., Kupfer D. J., Frank E., Goodwin G. M. (2003). Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet 361, 653–66110.1016/S0140-6736(03)12599-8 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Georgotas A., Mccue R. E., Cooper T. B. (1989). A placebo-controlled comparison of nortriptyline and phenelzine in maintenance therapy of elderly depressed-patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 783–786 - PubMed
    1. Gilaberte I., Montejo A. L., de la Gandara J., Perez-Sola V., Bernardo M., Massana J., Martin-Santos R., Santiso A., Noguera R., Casais L., Perez-Camo V., Arias M., Judge R. Fluoxetine Long-Term Study Group. (2001). Fluoxetine in the prevention of depressive recurrences: a double-blind study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 21, 417–42410.1097/00004714-200108000-00009 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gilbert P. (2006). Evolution and depression: issues and implications. Psychol. Med. 36, 287–29710.1017/S0033291705006112 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gilbert P., Allan S. (1998). The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: an exploration of an evolutionary view. Psychol. Med. 28, 585–59810.1017/S0033291798006710 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gilbert P., Gilbert J., Irons C. (2004). Life events, entrapments and arrested anger in depression. J. Affect. Disord. 79, 149–16010.1016/S0165-0327(02)00405-6 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Glue P., Donovan M. R., Kolluri S., Emir B. (2010). Meta-analysis of relapse prevention antidepressant trials in depressive disorders. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 44, 697–70510.3109/00048671003705441 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Goldberg D., Privett M., Ustun B., Simon G., Linden M. (1998). The effects of detection and treatment on the outcome of major depression in primary care: a naturalistic study in 15 cities. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 48, 1840–1844 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gorwood P., Weiller E., Lemming O., Katona C. (2007). Escitalopram prevents relapse in older patients with major depressive disorder. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 15, 581–59310.1097/01.JGP.0000240823.94522.4c - DOI - PubMed
    1. Guy W. (1976). ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology-Revised (DHEW publication no. ADM 76-338). Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
    1. Haddad P. (1997). Newer antidepressants and the discontinuation syndrome. J. Clin. Psychiatry 58, 17–22 - PubMed
    1. Hagen E. H. (1999). The functions of postpartum depression. Evol. Hum. Behav. 20, 325–35910.1016/S1090-5138(99)00016-1 - DOI
    1. Hagen E. H. (2002). Depression as bargaining – The case postpartum. Evol. Hum. Behav. 23, 323–33610.1016/S1090-5138(01)00102-7 - DOI
    1. Hagen E. H. (2003). “The bargaining model of depression,” in The Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, ed. Hammerstein P. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; ), 95–123
    1. Hamilton M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 23, 56–6210.1136/jnnp.23.3.239 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Harrison W., Rabkin J., Stewart J. W., McGrath P. J., Tricamo E., Quitkin F. (1986). Phenelzine for chronic depression: a study of continuation treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry 47, 346–349 - PubMed
    1. Hasday J. D., Fairchild K. D., Shanholtz C. (2000). The role of fever in the infected host. Microbes Infect. 2, 1891–190410.1016/S1286-4579(00)01337-X - DOI - PubMed
    1. Heisler L. K., Chu H. M., Brennan T. J., Danao J. A., Bajwa P., Parsons L. H., Tecott L. H. (1998). Elevated anxiety and antidepressant-like responses in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mutant mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15049–1505410.1073/pnas.95.25.15049 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hochochka P. W., Somero G. N. (2002). Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    1. Hochstrasser B., Isaksen P. M., Koponen H., Lauritzen L., Mahnert F. A., Rouillon F., Wade A. G., Andersen M., Pedersen S. F., Swart J. C., Nil R. (2001). Prophylactic effect of citalopram in unipolar, recurrent depression – Placebo-controlled study of maintenance therapy. Br. J. Psychiatry 178, 304–31010.1192/bjp.178.4.304 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hollon S. D., Stewart M. O., Strunk D. (2006). Enduring effects for cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57, 285–31510.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190044 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Horwitz A. V., Wakefield J. C. (2007). The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. New York, NY: Oxford University Press - PubMed
    1. Hyman S. E., Nestler E. J. (1996). Initiation and adaptation: a paradigm for understanding psychotropic drug action. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 151–162 - PubMed
    1. Jordan S., Kramer G. L., Zukas P. K., Moeller M., Petty F. (1994). In vivo biogenic amine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex with imipramine, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. Synapse 18, 294–29710.1002/syn.890180404 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kalueff A. V., Wheaton M., Murphy D. L. (2007). What's wrong with my mouse model? Advances and strategies in animal modeling of anxiety and depression. Behav. Brain Res. 179, 1–1810.1016/j.bbr.2007.01.023 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kamijima K., Burt T., Cohen G., Arano I., Hamasaki T. (2006). A placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal study of sertraline for major depressive disorder in Japan. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 21, 1–910.1097/01.yic.0000194382.18825.78 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kaymaz N., van Os J., Loonen A. J. M., Nolen W. A. (2008). Evidence that patients with single versus recurrent depressive episodes are differentially sensitive to treatment discontinuation: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J. Clin. Psychiatry 69, 1423–143610.4088/JCP.v69n0910 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Keller M. B., Kocsis J. H., Thase M. E., Gelenberg A. J., Rush A. J., Koran L., Schatzberg A., Russell J., Hirschfeld R., Klein D., McCullough J. P., Fawcett J. A., Kornstein S., LaVange L., Harrison W. (1998). Maintenance phase efficacy of sertraline for chronic depression - A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280, 1665–167210.1001/jama.280.19.1665 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Keller M. C., Neale M. C., Kendler K. S. (2007). Association of different adverse life events with distinct patterns of depressive symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry 164, 1521–152910.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06091564 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Keller M. C., Nesse R. M. (2004). Subtypes of low mood provide evidence for its adaptive significance. J. Affect. Disord. 78, S77–S78
    1. Keller M. C., Nesse R. M. (2005). Is low mood an adaptation? Evidence for subtypes with symptoms that match precipitants. J. Affect. Disord. 86, 27–3510.1016/j.jad.2004.12.005 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Keller M. C., Nesse R. M. (2006). The evolutionary significance of depressive symptoms: different adverse situations lead to different depressive symptom patterns. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91, 316–33010.1037/0022-3514.91.2.316 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kendler K. S., Thornton L. M., Gardner C. O. (2000). Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the “kindling” hypothesis. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 1243–125110.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1243 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kesner R. P. (2000). Subregional analysis of mnemonic functions of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Psychobiology 28, 219–228
    1. Kessler R. C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Walters E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 593–60210.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kessler R. C., Merikangas K. R., Wang P. S. (2007). Prevalence, comorbidity, and service utilization for mood disorders in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 3, 137–15810.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kihara T., Ikeda M. (1995). Effects of duloxetine, a new serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, on extracellular monoamine levels in rat frontal cortex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 272, 177–183 - PubMed
    1. Kirsch I., Deacon B. J., Huedo-Medina T. B., Scoboria A., Moore T. J., Johnson B. T. (2008). Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 5, 260–26810.1371/journal.pmed.0050045 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kitaichi Y., Inoue T., Nakagawa S., Boku S., Izumi T., Koyama T. (2010). Combined treatment with MAO-A inhibitor and MAO-B inhibitor increases extracellular noradrenaline levels more than MAO-A inhibitor alone through increases in beta-phenylethylamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 637, 77–8210.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.014 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Klerman G. L., Dimascio A., Weissman M., Prusoff B., Paykel E. S. (1974). Treatment of depression by drugs psychotherapy. Am. J. Psychiatry 131, 186–191 - PubMed
    1. Klysner R., Bent-Hansen J., Hansen H. L., Lunde M., Pleidrup E., Poulsen D. L., Andersen M., Petersen H. E. (2002). Efficacy of citalopram in the prevention of recurrent depression in elderly patients: placebo-controlled study of maintenance therapy. Br. J. Psychiatry 181, 29–3510.1192/bjp.181.1.29 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Koch S., Hemrick-Luecke S. K., Thompson L. K., Evans D. C., Threlkeld P. G., Nelson D. L., Perry K. W., Bymaster F. P. (2003). Comparison of effects of dual transporter inhibitors on monoamine transporters and extracellular levels in rats. Neuropharmacology 45, 935–94410.1016/S0028-3908(03)00268-5 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kocsis J. H., Friedman R. A., Markowitz J. C., Leon A. C., Miller N. L., Gniwesch L., Parides M. (1996). Maintenance therapy for chronic depression – A controlled clinical trial of desipramine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53, 769–774 - PubMed
    1. Kocsis J. H., Thase M. E., Trivedi M. H., Shelton R. C., Kornstein S. G., Nemeroff C. B., Friedman E. S., Gelenberg A. J., Dunner D. L., Hirschfeld R. M., Rothschild A. J., Ferguson J. M., Schatzberg A. F., Zajecka J. M., Pedersen R. D., Yan B., Ahmed S., Musgnung J., Ninan P. T., Keller M. B. (2007). Prevention of recurrent episodes of depression with venlafaxine ER in a 1-year maintenance phase from the PREVENT study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 68, 1014–102310.4088/JCP.v68n0706 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Krishnan V., Nestler E. J. (2008). The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature 455, 894–90210.1038/nature07455 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kruijshaar M. E., Barendregt J., Vos T., de Graaf R., Spijker J., Andrews G. (2005). Lifetime prevalence estimates of major depression: an indirect estimation method and a quantification of recall bias. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 20, 103–11110.1007/s10654-004-1009-0 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Leff M. J., Roatch J. F., Bunney W. E. (1970). Environmental factors preceding onset of severe depressions. Psychiatry 33, 293–311 - PubMed
    1. Lemke T. L., Williams D. A., Roche V. F., Zito S. W. (2010). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    1. Little R. J. A., Rubin D. B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociol. Methods Res. 18, 292–32610.1177/0049124189018002004 - DOI
    1. Lochmiller R. L., Deerenberg C. (2000). Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos 88, 87–9810.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880110.x - DOI
    1. Lustman P. J., Clouse R. E., Nix B. D., Freedland K. E., Rubin E. H., Mcgill J. B., Williams M. M., Gelenberg A. J., Ciechanowski P. S., Hirsch I. B. (2006). Sertraline for prevention of depression recurrence in diabetes mellitus - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63, 521–52910.1001/archpsyc.63.5.521 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Marien M., Floutard J., Ladure P. (2007). Effect of milnacipran on extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) in the medial prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats, as measured by intracerebral microdialysis. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 21, 386
    1. Mayorga A. J., Dalvi A., Page M. E., Zimov-Levinson S., Hen R., Lucki I. (2001). Antidepressant-like behavioral effects in 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(1B) receptor mutant. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298, 1101–1107 - PubMed
    1. McEwen B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 171–17910.1056/NEJM199801153380307 - DOI - PubMed
    1. McEwen B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiol. Rev. 87, 873–90410.1152/physrev.00041.2006 - DOI - PubMed
    1. McGrath P. J., Stewart J. W., Quitkin F. M., Ying C., Alpert J. E., Nierenberg A. A., Fava M., Cheng J., Petkova E. (2006). Predictors of relapse in a prospective study of fluoxetine treatment of major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 1542–154810.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1542 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Michelson D., Fava M., Amsterdam J., Apter J., Londborg P., Tamura R., Tepner R. G. (2000). Interruption of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry 176, 363–36810.1192/bjp.176.4.363 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mindham R. H. S., Howland C., Shepherd M. (1973). Evaluation of continuation therapy with tricyclic antidepressants in depressive illness. Psychol. Med. 3, 5–1710.1017/S0033291700046304 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Moffitt T. E., Caspi A., Taylor A., Kokaua J., Milne B. J., Polanczyk G., Poulton R. (2009). How common are mental disorders? Evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospective versus retrospective ascertainment. Psychol. Med. 40, 899–90910.1017/S0033291709991036 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Montgomery S. A., Asberg M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br. J. Psychiatry 134, 382–38910.1192/bjp.134.4.382 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Montgomery S. A., Dufour H., Brion S., Gailledreau J., Laqueille X., Ferrey G., Moron P., Parant-Lucena N., Singer L., Danion J. M., Beuzen J. M., Pierredoin M. A. (1988). The prophylactic efficacy of fluoxetine in unipolar depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 153 (Suppl. 3), 69–76 - PubMed
    1. Montgomery S. A., Dunbar G. (1993). Paroxetine is better than placebo in relapse prevention and the prophylaxis of recurrent depression. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 8, 189–19510.1097/00004850-199300830-00009 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Montgomery S. A., Entsuah R., Hackett D., Kunz N. R., Rudolph R. L. (2004). Venlafaxine versus placebo in the preventive treatment of recurrent major depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65, 328–33610.4088/JCP.v65n1123b - DOI - PubMed
    1. Montgomery S. A., Rasmussen J. G. C., Lyby K., Connor P., Tanghoj P. (1992). Dose-response relationship of citalopram 20 mg, citalopram 40 mg and placebo in the treatment of moderate and severe depression. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 6, 65–7010.1097/00004850-199206005-00008 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Montgomery S. A., Rasmussen J. G. C., Tanghoj P. (1993). A 24 week study of 20 mg citalopram, 40 mg citalopram, and placebo in the prevention of relapse of major depression. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 8, 181–18810.1097/00004850-199300820-00010 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Montgomery S. A., Reimitz P. E., Zivkov M. (1998). Mirtazapine versus amitriptyline in the long-term treatment of depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 13, 63–7310.1097/00004850-199809005-00010 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nesse R. M. (2000). Is depression an adaptation? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 14–2010.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nesse R. M. (2004). Natural selection and the elusiveness of happiness. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. BBiol. Sci. 359, 1333–134710.1098/rstb.2004.1511 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nesse R. M., Ellsworth P. C. (2009). Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders. Am. Psychologist 64, 129–13910.1037/a0013503 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nestler E. J., Aghajanian G. K. (1997). Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 278, 58–6310.1126/science.278.5335.58 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nestler E. J., Gould E., Manji H., Bucan M., Duman R. S., Gershenfeld H. K., Hen R., Koester S., Lederhendler I., Meaney M., Robbins T., Winsky L., Zalcman S. (2002). Preclinical models: status of basic research in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 52, 503–52810.1016/S0006-3223(02)01405-1 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Parent M. B., Habib M. K., Baker G. B. (2000). Time-dependent changes in brain monoamine oxidase activity and in brain levels of monoamines and amino acids following acute administration of the antidepressant/antipanic drug phenelzine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 59, 1253–126310.1016/S0006-2952(00)00244-6 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Perahia D. G., Gilaberte I., Wang F. J., Wiltse C. G., Huckins S. A., Clemens J. W., Montgomery S. A., Montejo A. L., Detke M. J. (2006). Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder – Double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br. J. Psychiatry 188, 346–35310.1192/bjp.188.4.346 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Perahia D. G. S., Maina G., Thase M. E., Spann M. E., Wang F. J., Walker D. J., Detke M. J. (2009). Duloxetine in the prevention of depressive recurrences: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry 70, 706–71610.4088/JCP.08m04756 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Petrakis I. L., Leslie D., Rosenheck R. (2003). The use of antidepressants in alcohol-dependent veterans. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64, 865–87010.4088/JCP.v64n0802 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Posternak M. A., Solomon D. A., Leon A. C., Mueller T. I., Shea M. T., Endicott J., Keller M. B. (2006). The naturalistic course of unipolar major depression in the absence of somatic therapy. J. Nervous Ment. Dis. 194, 324–32910.1097/01.nmd.0000217820.33841.53 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Price J. (2009). Darwinian dynamics of depression. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 43, 1029–103710.1080/00048670903002008 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Price J., Sloman L., Gardner R., Gilbert P., Rohde P. (1994). The social competition hypothesis of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 164, 309–31510.1192/bjp.164.3.309 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Raghunathan T. E., Solenberger P. W., Van Hoewyk J. (2002). IVEware: Imputation and Variance Estimation Software User Guide [Computer software]. Ann Arbor, MI: The Regents of the University of Michigan
    1. Reimherr F. W., Amsterdam J. D., Quitkin F. M., Rosenbaum J. F., Fava M., Zajecka J., Beasley C. M., Jr., Michelson D., Roback P., Sundell K. (1998). Optimal length of continuation therapy in depression: a prospective assessment during long-term fluoxetine treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 1247–1253 - PubMed
    1. Renard C. E., Dailly E., Nic Dhonnchadha B. A., Hascoet M., Bourin M. (2004). Is dopamine a limiting factor of the antidepressant-like effect in the mouse forced swimming test? Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 1255–125910.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.06.010 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Reynolds C. F., Frank E., Perel J. M., Imber S. D., Cornes C., Miller M. D., Mazumdar S., Houck P. R., Dew M. A., Stack J. A., Pollock B. G., Kupfer D. J. (1999). Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression – A randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. JAMA 281, 39–4510.1001/jama.281.11.1034 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rickels K., Montgomery S. A., Tourian K. A., Guelfi J. D., Pitrosky B., Padmanabhan S. K., Germain J. M., Leurent C., Brisard C. (2010). Desvenlafaxine for the prevention of relapse in major depressive disorder: results of a randomized trial. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 30, 18–2410.1097/JCP.0b013e3181c94c4d - DOI - PubMed
    1. Robert P., Montgomery S. A. (1995). Citalopram in doses of 20-60 mg Is effective in depression relapse prevention: a placebo-controlled 6-month study. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 10, 29–3510.1097/00004850-199503002-00006 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Robinson D. S., Lerfald S. C., Bennett B., Laux D., Devereaux E., Kayser A., Corcella J., Albright D. (1991). Continuation and maintenance treatment of major depression with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor Phenelzine: a double-blind placebo controlled discontinuation study. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 27, 31–39 - PubMed
    1. Romanovsky A. A. (2007). Thermoregulation: some concepts have changed. Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292, R37–R4610.1152/ajpregu.00668.2006 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Romanovsky A. A., Almeida M. C., Aronoff D. M., Ivanov A. I., Konsman J. P., Steiner A. A., Turek V. F. (2005). Fever and hypothermia in systemic inflammation: recent discoveries and revisions. Front. Biosci. 10, 2193–221610.2741/1690 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rouillon F., Berdeaux G., Bisserbe J. C., Warner B., Mesbah M., Smadja C., Chwalow J. (2000). Prevention of recurrent depressive episodes with milnacipran: consequences on quality of life. J. Affect. Disord. 58, 171–18010.1016/S0165-0327(99)00109-3 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rush A. J., Trivedi M. H., Wisniewski S. R., Nierenberg A. A., Stewart J. W., Warden D., Niederehe G., Thase M. E., Lavori P. W., Lebowitz B. D., McGrath P. J., Rosenbaum J. F., Sackeim H. A., Kupfer D. J., Luther J., Fava M. (2006). Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 1905–191710.1176/appi.ajp.163.11.1905 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sadock B. J., Sadock V. A. (2005). Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 8th Edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    1. Sapolsky R. M. (1996). Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 273, 749–75010.1126/science.273.5276.749 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sapolsky R. M. (2000). The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 755–76510.1016/S0006-3223(00)00971-9 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sapolsky R. M. (2001). Depression, antidepressants, and the shrinking hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 12320–1232210.1073/pnas.231475998 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sapolsky R. M. (2004). Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers, 3rd Edn. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company
    1. Savitz J. B., Drevets W. C. (2009). Imaging phenotypes of major depressive disorder: genetic correlates. Neuroscience 164, 300–33010.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.082 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schmidt M. E., Fava M., Robinson J. M., Judge R. (2000). The efficacy and safety of a new enteric-coated formulation of fluoxetine given once weekly during the continuation treatment of major depressive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61, 851–85710.4088/JCP.v61n1107 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Schulman C. I., Namias N., Doherty J., Manning R. J., Li P., Elhaddad A., Lasko D., Amortegui J., Dy C. J., Dlugasch L., Baracco G., Cohn S. M. (2005). The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 6, 369–37510.1089/sur.2005.6.369 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Seo D. O., Shin C. Y., Lee C. J., Dailey J. W., Reith M. E. A., Jobe P. C., Ko K. H. (1999). Effect of alterations in extracellular norepinephrine on adrenoceptors: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 365, 39–4610.1016/S0014-2999(98)00856-5 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Simon J. S., Aguiar L. M., Kunz N. R., Lei D. (2004). Extended-release venlafaxine in relapse prevention for patients with major depressive disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 38, 249–25710.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.04.001 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Spitzer R. L. (2007). Foreword. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    1. Spitzer R. L., Wakefield J. C. (1999). DSM-IV diagnostic criterion for clinical significance: does it help solve the false positives problem? Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 1856–1864 - PubMed
    1. Stahl S. (2008). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications, 3rd Edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    1. Stein M. K., Rickels K., Weise C. C. (1980). Maintenance therapy with amitriptyline: controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 370–371 - PubMed
    1. Stewart J. W., Tricamo E., McGrath P. J., Quitkin F. M. (1997). Prophylactic efficacy of phenelzine and imipramine in chronic atypical depression: likelihood of recurrence on discontinuation after 6 months’ remission. Am. J. Psychiatry 154, 31–36 - PubMed
    1. Takahashi H., Takada Y., Nagai N., Urano T., Takada A. (2000). Serotonergic neurons projecting to hippocampus activate locomotion. Brain Res. 869, 194–20210.1016/S0006-8993(00)02385-4 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Tanda G., Carboni E., Frau R., Dichiara G. (1994). Increase of extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex: a trait of drugs with antidepressant potential. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 115, 285–28810.1007/BF02244785 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Terra J. L., Montgomery S. A. (1998). Fluvoxamine prevents recurrence of depression: results of a long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 13, 55–6210.1097/00004850-199809005-00011 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Tomlinson K. L., Tate S. R., Anderson K. G., McCarthy D. M., Brown S. A. (2006). An examination of self-medication and rebound effects: psychiatric symptomatology before and after alcohol or drug relapse. Addict. Behav. 31, 461–47410.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.028 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Turner E. H., Matthews A. M., Linardatos E., Tell R. A., Rosenthal R. (2008). Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 252–26010.1056/NEJMsa065779 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Uylings H. B. M., Groenewegen H. J., Kolb B. (2003). Do rats have a prefrontal cortex? Behav. Brain Res. 146, 3–1710.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.028 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Uylings H. B. M., Vaneden C. G. (1990). Qualitative and quantitative comparison of the prefrontal cortex in rat and in primates, including humans. Prog. Brain Res. 85, 31–62 - PubMed
    1. Valenstein E. S. (1998). Blaming the Brain: The Truth About Drugs and Mental Health. New York, NY: The Free Press
    1. Valentini V., Cacciapaglia F., Frau R., Di Chiara G. (2005). Selective serotonin reuptake blockade increases extracellular dopamine in noradrenaline-rich isocortical but not prefrontal areas: dependence on serotonin-1A receptors and independence from noradrenergic innervation. J. Neurochem. 93, 371–38210.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03030.x - DOI - PubMed
    1. Valentini V., Frau R., Di Chiara G. (2004). Noradrenaline transporter blockers raise extracellular dopamine in medial prefrontal but not parietal and occipital cortex: differences with mianserin and clozapine. J. Neurochem. 88, 917–92710.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02238.x - DOI - PubMed
    1. van Praag H., de Haan S. (1980). Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Psychiatry Res 3, 75–8310.1016/0165-1781(80)90049-9 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Viguera A. C., Baldessarini R. J., Friedberg J. (1998). Discontinuing antidepressant treatment in major depression. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 5, 293–30610.3109/10673229809003578 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wakefield J. C. (1992). The concept of mental disorder: on the boundary between biological facts and social values. Am. Psychologist 47, 373–38810.1037/0003-066X.47.3.373 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wakefield J. C., Schmitz M. F., Baer J. C. (2010). Does the DSM-IV clinical significance criterion for major depression reduce false positives? Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Am. J. Psychiatry 167, 298–30410.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040553 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wakefield J. C., Schmitz M. F., First M. B., Horwitz A. V. (2007). Extending the bereavement exclusion for major depression to other losses - Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 433–44010.1001/archpsyc.64.4.433 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Watson P. J., Andrews P. W. (2002). Toward a revised evolutionary adaptationist analysis of depression: the social navigation hypothesis. J. Affect. Disord. 72, 1–1410.1016/S0165-0327(02)00366-X - DOI - PubMed
    1. Weikop P., Kehr J., Scheel-Kruger J. (2007). Reciprocal effects of combined administration of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitors on serotonin and dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex: the role of 5-HT1A receptors. J. Psychopharmacol. 21, 795–80410.1177/0269881107077347 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wells J. E., Horwood L. J. (2004). How accurate is recall of key symptoms of depression? A comparison of recall and longitudinal reports. Psychol. Med. 34, 1001–101110.1017/S0033291703001843 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wilson K. C. M., Mottram P. G., Ashworth L., Abou-Saleh M. T. (2003). Older community residents with depression: long-term treatment with sertraline – Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br. J. Psychiatry 182, 492–49710.1192/bjp.182.6.492 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wolowczuk I., Verwaerde C., Viltart O., Delanoye A., Delacre M., Pot B., Grangette C. (2008). Feeding our immune system: impact on metabolism. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 1–1910.1155/2008/639803 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Woods A. H. (2009). “Evolution of homeostatic physiological systems,” in Phenotypic Plasticity of Insects, eds Whitman D., Ananthakrishnan T. N. (Plymouth: Science Publishers; ), 655–674
    1. Wrosch C., Miller G. E. (2009). Depressive symptoms can be useful: self-regulatory and emotional benefits of dysphoric mood in adolescence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 96, 1181–119010.1037/a0015172 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Young A. M., Goudie A. J. (1995). “Adaptive processes regulating tolerance to behavioral effects of drugs,” in Psychopharmacology: 4th Generation of Progress, eds Bloom F. E., Kupfer D. J. (New York, NY: Raven Press; ), 733–742
    1. Zimmerman M., Posternak M. A., Ruggero C. J. (2007). Impact of study design on the results of continuation studies of antidepressants. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 27, 177–18110.1097/JCP.0b013e31803308e1 - DOI - PubMed