Endometriosis is a chronic and recurrent condition affecting 6-10% of women of a reproductive age. It results from implantation of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. It is associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Treatment for endometriosis ranges from medical management, to conservative surgery, to definitive surgery with a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and should be based on patient's fertility desires and tolerance. Medical treatment involves hormonal manipulation to induce a hypoestrogenic or antiestrogenic state to induce regression and apoptosis of lesions. Endometriosis can have dire effects on women's lives and productivity; this article will focus on early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of recurrence of the disease.