Cognitive neurorehabilitation is rooted both in the cognitive function being treated and the neural substrates underlying that ability. Recent progress in understanding both brain (in particular brain plasticity) and the complexities of behaviour imply a promising future for cognitive neurorehabilitation. The manuscripts in this issue focuse on advances in the use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a tool for cognitive neurorehabilitation. This paper presents a broader context in which to understand the importance and potential of this specific approach. Achieving the promise requires theoretical and experimental rigour including selection of relevant outcome measures, and understanding of the complexities of individual patients. Success will depend on our ability to integrate knowledge and approaches.