Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy outbreak in freshwater fish farmed in Italy

Dis Aquat Organ. 2011 Aug 29;96(1):45-54. doi: 10.3354/dao02367.

Abstract

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a neuropathological condition affecting > 40 species of fish. Although VER affects mainly marine fish, the disease has also been detected in certain species reared in freshwater environments. There are relatively few reports concerning the disease in freshwater species, and there is not much information on clinical signs. Nevertheless, the most common clinical findings reported from affected freshwater species are consistent with the typical signs observed in marine species. In this paper we describe the main clinical signs and the laboratory results associated with the detection of a betanodavirus in hybrid striped bass x white bass (Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops) and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, reared in a freshwater environment. We also detected the virus by real-time PCR and isolated it in cell culture from a batch of pike-perch Sander lucioperca farmed in the same system.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Aquaculture
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary*
  • Encephalitis Viruses / genetics
  • Encephalitis Viruses / isolation & purification*
  • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / veterinary*
  • Encephalitis, Arbovirus / virology
  • Fish Diseases / epidemiology
  • Fish Diseases / pathology
  • Fish Diseases / virology*
  • Fresh Water
  • Italy / epidemiology
  • Perciformes*
  • Phylogeny
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
  • Retinal Diseases / epidemiology
  • Retinal Diseases / veterinary*
  • Retinal Diseases / virology
  • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction