In Tephritidae sex determination is established by orthologs to the Drosophila melanogaster transformer and transformer-2 genes, though the primary signals for sex determination differ. The presence of the Y chromosome in the tephritid species is critical for male differentiation, while the ratio of X chromosomes to autosome ploidy is critical in drosophilids. Here the isolation, expression and function of tra and tra-2 orthologs are described for the agriculturally important tephritid, Anastrepha suspensa, and their possible use in genetically modified organisms for biologically-based pest management. The Astra and Astra-2 genes are highly conserved in structure, regulation and function with respect to those known from other tephritid species. Sex-specific transcripts for Astra were detected, one in females and three in males, whereas Astra-2 had a single common transcript found in both sexes. To test the function of these genes, Astra and Astra-2 dsRNA was injected into A. suspensa embryos from a transgenic strain having a Y-linked DsRed marker integration, allowing XY males to be distinguished from XX phenotypic males. Nearly all XX embryos developed into fully masculinized phenotypic male adults with no apparent female morphology. Upon dissection abnormal hypertrophic gonads were revealed in XX pseudomales but not in the XY males. Our findings suggest that Astra and Astra-2 are both necessary for female development, and that the potential exists for producing a male-only population when either gene alone, or both genes simultaneously, are knocked-down.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.