Adrenocortical neoplasia: evolving concepts in tumorigenesis with an emphasis on adrenal cortical carcinoma variants

Virchows Arch. 2012 Jan;460(1):9-18. doi: 10.1007/s00428-011-1166-y. Epub 2011 Nov 16.

Abstract

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, heterogeneous malignancy with a poor prognosis. According to WHO classification 2004, ACC variants include oncocytic ACCs, myxoid ACCs and ACCs with sarcomatous areas. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of these rare subtypes of adrenocortical malignancy and emphasize their clinicopathological features with the aim of elucidating aspects of diagnostic categorization, differential diagnostics and biological behavior. The issue of current terminology, applied to biphasic tumors with pleomorphic, sarcomatous or sarcomatoid elements arising in adrenal cortex, is also discussed. We additionally present emerging evidence concerning the adrenal cortical tumorigenesis and the putative adenoma-carcinoma sequence as well.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / classification*
  • Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / diagnosis
  • Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Adrenocortical Carcinoma / classification*
  • Adrenocortical Carcinoma / diagnosis
  • Adrenocortical Carcinoma / pathology*
  • Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / pathology*
  • Diagnosis, Differential
  • Disease Progression
  • Humans
  • Terminology as Topic
  • World Health Organization