Neuromodulators: available agents, physiology, and anatomy

Facial Plast Surg. 2011 Dec;27(6):517-22. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1298784. Epub 2011 Dec 28.

Abstract

Neuromodulators have risen to the forefront of aesthetic medicine. By reversibly relaxing target muscles, neuromodulators exhibit their effect by softening hyperfunctional lines. An understanding of their physiology, relevant facial anatomy, and current agents is imperative for a successful aesthetic practice.

MeSH terms

  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A / adverse effects
  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A / therapeutic use*
  • Chin / anatomy & histology
  • Cosmetic Techniques*
  • Eyebrows / anatomy & histology
  • Face / anatomy & histology*
  • Facial Muscles / anatomy & histology
  • Facial Muscles / drug effects
  • Forehead / anatomy & histology
  • Humans
  • Masseter Muscle / anatomy & histology
  • Masseter Muscle / drug effects
  • Mouth / anatomy & histology
  • Neck Muscles / anatomy & histology
  • Neck Muscles / drug effects
  • Neuromuscular Agents / adverse effects
  • Neuromuscular Agents / therapeutic use*
  • Neurotransmitter Agents / adverse effects
  • Neurotransmitter Agents / therapeutic use*
  • Orbit / anatomy & histology
  • Skin Aging / pathology

Substances

  • Neuromuscular Agents
  • Neurotransmitter Agents
  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A
  • abobotulinumtoxinA
  • incobotulinumtoxinA