The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward

Abstract

Running wheels are commonly employed to measure rodent physical activity in a variety of contexts, including studies of energy balance and obesity. There is no consensus on the nature of wheel-running activity or its underlying causes, however. Here, we will begin by systematically reviewing how running wheel availability affects physical activity and other aspects of energy balance in laboratory rodents. While wheel running and physical activity in the absence of a wheel commonly correlate in a general sense, in many specific aspects the two do not correspond. In fact, the presence of running wheels alters several aspects of energy balance, including body weight and composition, food intake, and energy expenditure of activity. We contend that wheel-running activity should be considered a behavior in and of itself, reflecting several underlying behavioral processes in addition to a rodent's general, spontaneous activity. These behavioral processes include defensive behavior, predatory aggression, and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. As it relates to energy balance, wheel running engages several brain systems-including those related to the stress response, mood, and reward, and those responsive to growth factors-that influence energy balance indirectly. We contend that wheel-running behavior represents factors in addition to rodents' tendency to be physically active, engaging additional neural and physiological mechanisms which can then independently alter energy balance and behavior. Given the impact of wheel-running behavior on numerous overlapping systems that influence behavior and physiology, this review outlines the need for careful design and interpretation of studies that utilize running wheels as a means for exercise or as a measurement of general physical activity.

Fig. 1

Several factors affect the amount of wheel running a rodent will display. These same traits and factors will also influence general physical activity, but often not in the same manner or to the same extent. Whereas levels of general physical activity positively correlate with wheel-running activity, the presence of a wheel will increase overall physical activity while decreasing non-wheel home-cage activity. Lastly, wheel running alters an array of behavioral and physiological variables in ways that general home-cage activity does not, and wheel-running activity has more profound effects on several aspects of metabolism than does general physical activity.