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. 2002:1:e0024.
doi: 10.1199/tab.0024. Epub 2002 Sep 30.

Phosphate transport and homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Yves Poirier, Marcel Bucher

Phosphate transport and homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Yves Poirier et al. Arabidopsis Book. 2002.
No abstract available

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
A transverse section through the tip of a primary root. The dotted line indicates the outer border of the P depletion zone. The arrow indicates the direction of growth.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
A model for secondary Pi transport across the plasma membrane. The H+ (triangles) gradient across the lipid bilayer is generated by the activity of the H+-ATPase at the expense of ATP. H+/Pi (circles) co-transport is mediated by the Pi transporter protein (Pht). The orientation of the transport is marked by arrows. The orientation of the plasma membrane is as indicated (apoplast, cytoplasm)
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
A Chromosomal location of the members of the Pht1 and Pht2 gene families of Pi transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 5 are shown in scale. The length of the chromosomes is given in megabase pairs on top. The location of the individual genes is marked by diamonds as indicated at bottom. B Structure of the transcription unit of the Pht1 and Pht2 gene family members of Arabidopsis thaliana. The diagram depicts introns (thin lines) and exons (black boxes). The 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequences are omitted. Sizes are given in base pairs.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis phosphate transporter protein sequences. Protein names are given as listed in table 1. Individual subfamilies as based on clustering of similar sequences are encircled.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
Predicted topology of the tomato Pht1;1 (LePT1) Pi transporter (Daram et al., 1998) typical for Pht1 proteins, with 12 transmembrane helices, a cytoplasmic N and C terminus and a long cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane helices 6 and 7. Numbers indicate amino acids with the start methionine marked as number 1.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
Localization of tomato Pht1;1 (LePT1) transcripts in tomato primary roots. Bright-field microscopy of sections of tomato primary roots from seedlings germinated under Pi sufficient conditions. The sections were hybridized with DIG-labeled LePT1 antisense RNA probes. A Longitudinal section of an emerging seedling root, B cross section from early elongation zone with cytoplasmically dense cells, and C from the top of the elongation zone, where cells begin to acquire their final differentiated attributes. Bar size is 500 µm in A, 100 mm in B and C. Reprinted from Daram et al. (1998), with permission by Springer-Verlag.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.
Changes in root hairs in plants grown under Pi deficiency. Arabidopsis was grown for 10 days in agar medium containing either 5 mM (+Pi) or 5 µM (−Pi) inorganic phosphate.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.
Changes in root anatomy in plants grown under Pi deficiency. Cross sections of Arabidopsis roots grown in agar medium containing either 1 mM (high P) or 1 µM (low P) inorganic phosphate. Asterisks indicate trichoblasts. Reprinted from Ma et al. (2001), with permission by Blackwell Science Ltd.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.
Root tips of Arabidopsis wild type and of various hormone-related mutants grown in nutrient-sufficient media (control) or in the absence of Pi or Fe. A, Col-0 control; B, Col-0 –Fe; C, Col-0 –Pi; D, axr1 control; E, axr1 –Fe; F, axr1 –Pi; G, axr2 control; H, axr2 –Fe; I, axr2 –Pi; J, ein2 control; K, ein2 –Fe; L, ein2 –Pi; M, etr1 control, N, etr1 –Fe; O, etr1 –Pi; P, eto3 control; Q, eto3 –Fe; R, eto3 –Pi. Bar = 0.25 mm. Reprinted from Schmidt and Schikora (2001), with permission by the American Society of Plant Biologists.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.
Changes in root architecture in plants grown under Pi deficiency. Arabidopsis was grown for 12 days in agar medium containing either 5 mM (+Pi) or 5 µM (−Pi) inorganic phosphate.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11.
Secretion of acid phosphatase from Arabidopsis roots grown in Pi-deficient media. Plants were grown in Pi-sufficient (left petri) or Pi-deficient (right petri) media and overlaid with an agar solution containing the substrate BCIP. The blue color reveals the presence of acid phosphatase. Photograph kindly provided by Ann Lloyd (Exeter University, United Kingdom).
Fig. 12.
Fig. 12.
Model of extracellular nucleic acid degradation and Pi recycling by secretory nucleolytic enzymes. Asterisks indicate proteins known to be inducible by Pi starvation in some plants. Reprinted from Abel et al. (2000), with permission by the American Society of Plant Biologists.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 13.
Potato Pht1;3 (StPT3) transcript abundance in mycorrhizas. Schematic view of the split-root system at top with the non-mycorrhized root part at left and the mycorrhized root part at right. AM fungal spores and hyphae are marked in yellow. Pi transporter transcript levels in roots cultured in a split-root system as detected via RNA gel blot analysis. Randomly labeled cDNA probes, as indicated at left, hybridized with RNA on the blot from parts of roots of three individual plants per split-root system (1, 2, and 3) that were cultured without (−myc) or with (+myc) Glomus intraradices, respectively. Both compartments of one system were irrigated with 5 mM Pi. Ubiquitin (UBQ) served as a marker for constitutive gene expression (see also Rausch et al., 2001). Courtesy of C. Rausch, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 14.
Model indicating several changes in plant metabolism occuring in response to Pi deficiency. The modified pathways are indicated with bold arrows. The enzymes that catalyze the numbered reactions are: 1, invertase; 2, sucrose synthase; 3, hexokinase; 4, fructokinase; 5, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; 6, nucleoside diphosphate kinase; 7, phosphoglucomutase; 8, phosphoglucose isomerase; 9, ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase; 10, pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase; 11, NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating); 12, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase; 13, NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (non-phosphorylating); 14, pyruvate kinase; 15, phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase; 16, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; 17, malate dehydrogenase; 18, malic enzyme; 19, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase; 20, 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase; 21, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase; 22, chorismate synthase; 23, tonoplast H+-ATPase; 24, tonoplast H+-pyrophosphate. Abbreviations are as follow: CHA, chorismate; DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate; DHQ, dehydroquinate; 1,3-DPGA, 1,3-diphosphoglycerate; E4P, erythrose 4-phosphate; EPSP, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate; Fru-6-P, fructose 6-phosphate; Fru-1,6-P2, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; Glu-1-P, glucose 1-phosphate; Glu-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; G3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; G3PDH; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; OAA, oxaloacetate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; 3-PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; PPi, pyrophosphate; S3P, shikimate 3-phosphate. Reproduced from Plaxton and Carswell (1999) with permission by Marcel Dekker Inc.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 15.
Phenotype of pho1 mutant. Arabidopsis wild type (left) and pho1 mutant (right) were grown in soil under constant illumination.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 16.
Expression profile of the PHO1 promoter. A 2 kbp promoter region of PHO1 was cloned in front of the GUS reporter gene and transformed in Arabidopsis. GUS expression is detected in the stelar cells of the roots.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 17.
The Pho regulon of E. coli. Abbreviations: OM, outer membrane; IM, inner membrane; AP, alkaline phosphatase; G3P, glycerol 3-phosphate. The Pho regulon is composed of the porin E protein (PhoE), glycerol -3-phosphate binding protein (G-3-PBP), sn-glycerol 3-phosphate uptake system (Ugp A, UgpC, UgpQ), alkaline phophatase (PhoA), phosphate binding protein (PiBP), Pi specific transporter (PstA, PstB, PstC), protein kinase-sensor (PhoR), positive regulator-transcriptional activator (PhoB), and a modulator of PhoR (PhoU). Reproduced from Torriani (1990) with permission by Wiley Publishers.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 18.
The Pho regulon of S. cerevisiae. Ovals and boxes represent proteins and genes, respectively. Thick lines mean that the signals are transduced to the downstream component, while dotted lines indicate the absence of an interaction with the downstream component. Open ovals and boxes indicate active states, gray oval and boxes indicate inactive state. Reproduced from Ogawa et al (2000) with permission by the American Society for Cell Biology.
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