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Review
. 2012 Mar 14;2012(3):CD007176.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2.

Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases

Goran Bjelakovic  1 , Dimitrinka Nikolova, Lise Lotte Gluud, Rosa G Simonetti, Christian Gluud
Affiliations
Review

Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases

Goran Bjelakovic et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Our systematic review has demonstrated that antioxidant supplements may increase mortality. We have now updated this review.

Objectives: To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in adults.

Search methods: We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the Science Citation Index Expanded, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science to February 2011. We scanned bibliographies of relevant publications and asked pharmaceutical companies for additional trials.

Selection criteria: We included all primary and secondary prevention randomised clinical trials on antioxidant supplements (beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) versus placebo or no intervention.

Data collection and analysis: Three authors extracted data. Random-effects and fixed-effect model meta-analyses were conducted. Risk of bias was considered in order to minimise the risk of systematic errors. Trial sequential analyses were conducted to minimise the risk of random errors. Random-effects model meta-regression analyses were performed to assess sources of intertrial heterogeneity.

Main results: Seventy-eight randomised trials with 296,707 participants were included. Fifty-six trials including 244,056 participants had low risk of bias. Twenty-six trials included 215,900 healthy participants. Fifty-two trials included 80,807 participants with various diseases in a stable phase. The mean age was 63 years (range 18 to 103 years). The mean proportion of women was 46%. Of the 78 trials, 46 used the parallel-group design, 30 the factorial design, and 2 the cross-over design. All antioxidants were administered orally, either alone or in combination with vitamins, minerals, or other interventions. The duration of supplementation varied from 28 days to 12 years (mean duration 3 years; median duration 2 years). Overall, the antioxidant supplements had no significant effect on mortality in a random-effects model meta-analysis (21,484 dead/183,749 (11.7%) versus 11,479 dead/112,958 (10.2%); 78 trials, relative risk (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98 to 1.05) but significantly increased mortality in a fixed-effect model (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05). Heterogeneity was low with an I(2)- of 12%. In meta-regression analysis, the risk of bias and type of antioxidant supplement were the only significant predictors of intertrial heterogeneity. Meta-regression analysis did not find a significant difference in the estimated intervention effect in the primary prevention and the secondary prevention trials. In the 56 trials with a low risk of bias, the antioxidant supplements significantly increased mortality (18,833 dead/146,320 (12.9%) versus 10,320 dead/97,736 (10.6%); RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07). This effect was confirmed by trial sequential analysis. Excluding factorial trials with potential confounding showed that 38 trials with low risk of bias demonstrated a significant increase in mortality (2822 dead/26,903 (10.5%) versus 2473 dead/26,052 (9.5%); RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.15). In trials with low risk of bias, beta-carotene (13,202 dead/96,003 (13.8%) versus 8556 dead/77,003 (11.1%); 26 trials, RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09) and vitamin E (11,689 dead/97,523 (12.0%) versus 7561 dead/73,721 (10.3%); 46 trials, RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05) significantly increased mortality, whereas vitamin A (3444 dead/24,596 (14.0%) versus 2249 dead/16,548 (13.6%); 12 trials, RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.18), vitamin C (3637 dead/36,659 (9.9%) versus 2717 dead/29,283 (9.3%); 29 trials, RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.07), and selenium (2670 dead/39,779 (6.7%) versus 1468 dead/22,961 (6.4%); 17 trials, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.03) did not significantly affect mortality. In univariate meta-regression analysis, the dose of vitamin A was significantly associated with increased mortality (RR 1.0006, 95% CI 1.0002 to 1.001, P = 0.002).

Authors' conclusions: We found no evidence to support antioxidant supplements for primary or secondary prevention. Beta-carotene and vitamin E seem to increase mortality, and so may higher doses of vitamin A. Antioxidant supplements need to be considered as medicinal products and should undergo sufficient evaluation before marketing.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known. The funding sources had no role in the conduct of the study, collection of data, management, analysis, interpretation of the data, or preparation of the manuscript.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram of identification of randomised trials for inclusion
2
2
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Antioxidants versus placebo/no intervention, outcome: 1.1 Mortality in trials with a low or high risk of bias.
3
3
Trial sequential analysis of 56 trials with low risk of bias assessing antioxidant supplements versus placebo was constructed based on a mortality of 10.6% in the control group, a relative risk reduction of 5% of antioxidant supplements, a type I error of 5%, and a type II error of 20% (80% power). There was diversity (D2 = 35%). The diversity‐adjusted required information size was 276,918 participants. The trial sequential analysis revealed that the cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) crossed the trial sequential monitoring boundary (red line) in 2005 after the 44th trial. Subsequently 12 trials have been published.
4
4
Trial sequential analysis of 26 trials with low risk of bias assessing beta‐carotene versus placebo was constructed based on a mortality of 11.1% in the control group, a relative risk reduction of 5% of beta‐carotene, a type I error of 5%, and a type II error of 20% (80% power). There was diversity (D2 = 54%). The diversity‐adjusted required information size was 244,756 participants.The trial sequential analysis revealed that the cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) crossed the trial sequential monitoring boundary (red line) in 2007 after the 22nd trial. Subsequently four trials have been published.
5
5
Trial sequential analysis of 12 trials with low risk of bias assessing vitamin A versus placebo was constructed based on a mortality of 13.6% in the control group, a relative risk reduction of 5% of vitamin A, a type I error of 5%, and a type II error of 20% (80% power). There was diversity (D2 = 65%). The diversity‐adjusted required information size was 108,645 participants.The trial sequential analysis revealed that the cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary (red line). Neither did the cumulative Z‐curve reach the area of futility, which was not constructed by the program due to too little information.
6
6
Trial sequential analysis of 29 trials with low risk of bias assessing vitamin C versus placebo was constructed based on a mortality of 9.3% in the control group, a relative risk reduction of 5% of vitamin C, a type I error of 5%, and a type II error of 20% (80% power). There was no diversity. The required information size was 552,959 participants.The trial sequential analysis revealed that the cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary (red line). Neither did the cumulative Z‐curve reach the area of futility, which was not constructed by the program due to too little information.
7
7
Trial sequential analysis of 46 trials with low risk of bias assessing vitamin E was constructed based on a mortality of 10.3% in the control group, a relative risk reduction of 5% of vitamin E, a type I error of 5%, and a type II error of 20% (80% power). There was no diversity. The required information size was 374,427 participants. The trial sequential analysis revealed that the cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) did not cross the monitoring boundary (red line). Neither did the cumulative Z‐curve reach the area of futility, which was not constructed by the program due to too little information.
8
8
Trial sequential analysis of 17 trials with low risk of bias assessing selenium versus placebo was constructed based on a mortality of 5% in the control group, a relative risk reduction of 6.4% of selenium, a type I error of 5%, and a type II error of 20% (80% power). There was no diversity. The required information size was 572,856 participants.The trial sequential analysis revealed that the cumulative Z‐curve did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary. Neither did the cumulative Z‐curve reach the area of futility, which was not constructed by the program due to too little information.
9
9
Recommended dietary allowance, tolerable upper intake level, experimental doses, and regimen used in antioxidant supplements
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 1 Mortality in trials with a low or high risk of bias.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 2 Mortality in 76 trials with a low or high risk of bias with assigned fatalities to all of the dropouts.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 3 Mortality in primary and secondary prevention trials with a low or high risk of bias.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 4 Mortality after excluding trials administrating extra supplements in the antioxidant group.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 5 Mortality after excluding trials with extra supplements for both intervention groups.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 6 Mortality after excluding factorial trials with potential confounding.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 7 Mortality after excluding factorial trials with potential confounding and trials with extra supplements.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 8 Mortality in beta‐carotene trials with a low or high risk of bias.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 9 Mortality in vitamin A trials with a low or high risk of bias.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 10 Mortality in vitamin C trials with a low or high risk of bias.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 11 Mortality in vitamin E trials with a low or high risk of bias.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antioxidants versus placebo or no intervention, Outcome 12 Mortality in selenium trials with a low or high risk of bias.
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Hogarth 1996 {published data only}
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HOPE TOO 2005Low {published data only}
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HPS 2002Low {published data only}
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ICARE 2008Low {published data only}
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Jacobson 2000Low {published data only}
    1. Jacobson JS, Begg MD, Wang LW, Wang Q, Agarwal M, Norkus E. Effects of a 6‐month vitamin intervention on DNA damage in heavy smokers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2000;9(12):1303‐11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
LAST 2004Low {published data only}
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Limburg 2005Low {published data only}
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MAVET 2006Low {published data only}
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MAVIS 2005 Low {published data only}
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McKeown‐Eyssen 1988 {published data only}
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Meydani 2004Low {published data only}
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Mezey 2004Low {published data only}
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MINVITAOX 1999Low {published data only}
    1. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron‐Ruault MC, Brunet‐Lecomte P, Preziosi P, et al. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. MIN. VIT. AOX. Geriatric Network. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999;159(7):748‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Murphy 1992Low {published data only}
    1. Murphy S, West KP Jr, Greenough WB 3rd, Cherot E, Katz J, Clement L. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on the incidence of infection in elderly nursing‐home residents: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 1992;21(6):435‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NIT1 1993 {published data only}
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NIT2 1993Low {published data only}
    1. Li JY, Li B, Blot WJ, Taylor PR. Preliminary report on the results of Nutrition Prevention Trials of cancer and other common diseases among residents in Linxian, China. (Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi) Chinese Journal of Oncology 1993;15(3):165‐81. - PubMed
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NPCT 1996Low {published data only}
    1. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996;276(24):1957‐63. - PubMed
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NSCPT 1999Low {published data only}
    1. Darlington S, Williams G, Neale R, Frost C, Green A. A randomized controlled trial to assess sunscreen application and beta carotene supplementation in the prevention of solar keratoses. Archives of Dermatology 2003;139(4):451‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Penn 1991 {published data only}
    1. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie‐Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell‐mediated immune function in elderly long‐stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 1991;20(3):169‐74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PHS 1996Low {published data only}
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    1. Christen WG, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. Design of Physicians' Health Study II a randomized trial of beta‐carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Annals of Epidemiology 2000;10(2):125‐34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Pike 1995Low {published data only}
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Plummer 2007Low {published data only}
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PPP 2001 {published data only}
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PPS 1994Low {published data only}
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Prince 2003Low {published data only}
    1. Prince MI, Mitchison HC, Ashley D, Burke DA, Edwards N, Bramble MG, et al. Oral antioxidant supplementation for fatigue associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2003;17(1):137‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
REACT 2002Low {published data only}
    1. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, et al. The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age‐related cataract. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2002;9(1):49‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sasazuki 2003 {published data only}
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SCPS 1990Low {published data only}
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SELECT 2009Low {published data only}
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SIT 2006 {published data only}
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SKICAP AK 1997Low {published data only}
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SPACE 2000Low {published data only}
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Stevic 2001 {published data only}
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SUVIMAX 2010Low {published data only}
    1. Arnaud J, Bost M, Vitoux D, Labarère J, Galan P, Faure H, et al. Effect of low dose antioxidant vitamin and trace element supplementation on the urinary concentrations of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2007;26(5):405‐11. - PubMed
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Takagi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Takagi H, Kakizaki S, Sohara N, Sato K, Tsukioka G, Tago Y, et al. Pilot clinical trial of the use of alpha‐tocopherol for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2003;73(6):411‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Takamatsu 1995 {published data only}
    1. Takamatsu S, Takamatsu M, Satoh K, Imaizumi T, Yoshida H, Hiramoto M, et al. Effects on health of dietary supplementation with 100 mg d‐alpha‐tocopheryl acetate, daily for 6 years. The Journal of International Medical Research 1995;23(5):342‐57. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tam 2005Low {published data only}
    1. Tam LS, Li EK, Leung VY, Griffith JF, Benzie IF, Lim PL, et al. Effects of vitamins C and E on oxidative stress markers and endothelial function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double blind, placebo controlled pilot study. Journal of Reumatology 2005;32:275‐82. - PubMed
ter Riet 1995 {published data only}
    1. ter Riet G, Kessels AG, Knipschild PG. Randomized clinical trial of ascorbic acid in the treatment of pressure ulcers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1995;48:1453‐60. - PubMed
UK PRECISE 2006Low {published data only}
    1. Bekaert B, Cooper ML, Green FR, McNulty H, Pentieva K, Scott JM, et al. Effect of selenium status and supplementation with high‐selenium yeast on plasma homocysteine and B vitamin concentrations in the UK elderly. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2008;52(11):1324‐33. - PubMed
    1. Rayman M, Thompson A, Warren‐Perry M, Galassini R, Catterick J, Hall E, et al. Impact of selenium on mood and quality of life: a randomized, controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry 2006;59(2):147‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Rayman MP, Thompson AJ, Bekaert B, Catterick J, Galassini R, Hall E, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function in the elderly in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(2):370‐8. - PubMed
VEAPS 2002Low {published data only}
    1. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Mahrer PR, Sevanian A, Liu CR, et al. Alpha‐tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low‐density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation 2002;106(12):1453‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
VECAT 2004Low {published data only}
    1. Garrett SK, McNeil JJ, Silagy C, Sinclair M, Thomas AP, Robman LP, et al. Abstract Methodology of the VECAT study: vitamin E intervention in cataract and age‐related maculopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 1999;6(3):195‐208. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Garrett SK, Thomas AP, Cicuttini F, Silagy C, Taylor HR, McNeil JJ. Community‐based recruitment strategies for a longitudinal interventional study: the VECAT experience. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2000;53(5):541‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology 2004;111(1):75‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Robman LD, Tikellis G, Garrett SK, Harper CA, McNeil JJ, Taylor HR, et al. Baseline ophthalmic findings in the vitamin E, cataract and age‐related maculopathy (VECAT) study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 1999;27(6):410‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, McCarty CA, McNeil JJ. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;325(7354):11. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
WACS 2007Low {published data only}
    1. Albert CM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Zaharris E, MacFadyen J, Danielson E, et al. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008;299(17):2027‐36. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bassuk SS, Albert CM, Cook NR, Zaharris E, MacFadyen JG, Danielson E, et al. The Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study: design and baseline characteristics of participants. Journal of Women's Health 2004;13(1):99‐117. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Zaharris E, MacFadyen J, Danielson E, et al. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(15):1610‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kang JH, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Albert CM, Grodstein F. Vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, and cognitive function among women with or at risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women's Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study. Circulation 2009;119(21):2772‐80. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lin J, Cook NR, Albert C, Zaharris E, Gaziano JM, Denburgh M, et al. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2009;101(1):14‐23. - PMC - PubMed
WAVE 2002Low {published data only}
    1. Hathcock JN. Vitamins and hormone therapy for coronary atherosclerosis Vitamins and hormone therapy for coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 2003;289(8):982. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hsia J, Alderman EL, Verter JI, Rogers WJ, Thompson P, Howard BV, et al. Women's angiographic vitamin and estrogen trial: design and methods. Controlled Clinical Trials 2002;23(6):708‐27. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lutfiyya MN, Henley E. HRT and vitamins C and E do not improve coronary disease in women. HHRT and vitamins C and E do not improve coronary disease in women. The Journal of Family Practice 2003;52(2):112‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, Howard BV, Cobb FR, Rogers WJ, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288(19):2432‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
White 2002Low {published data only}
    1. White KL, Chalmers DM, Martin IG, Everett SM, Neville PM, Naylor G, et al. Dietary antioxidants and DNA damage in patients on long‐term acid‐suppression therapy: a randomized controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition 2002;88(3):265‐71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
WHS 2005Low {published data only}
    1. Agler AH, Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Cassano PA. Randomised vitamin E supplementation and risk of chronic lung disease in the Women's Health Study. Thorax 2011;Jan 21.:[Epub ahead of print]. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The Women's Health Study: rationale and background. The Journal of Myocardial Ischemia 1992;4(3):30‐40.
    1. Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The Women's Health Study: summary of study design. The Journal of Myocardial Ischemia 1992;4(3):27‐9.
    1. Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. Low‐dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294(1):47‐55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Glynn RJ, Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Buring JE. Effect of low‐dose aspirin on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007;147(8):525‐33. - PubMed
Witte 2005Low {published data only}
    1. Witte KK, Nikitin NP, Parker AC, Haehling S, Volk HD, Anker SD, et al. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality‐of‐life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal 2005;26(21):2238‐44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wluka 2002Low {published data only}
    1. Wluka AE, Stuckey S, Brand C, Cicuttini FM. Abstract Supplementary vitamin E does not affect the loss of cartilage volume in knee osteoarthritis: a 2 year double blind randomized placebo controlled study. The Journal of Rheumatology 2002;29(12):2585‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbey 1993 {published data only}
    1. Abbey M, Nestel PJ, Baghurst PA. Antioxidant vitamins and low‐density‐lipoprotein oxidation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;58:525‐32. - PubMed
Adler 1993 {published data only}
    1. Adler LA, Peselow E, Rotrosen J, Duncan E, Lee M, Rosenthal M, et al. Vitamin E treatment of tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993;150:1405‐7. - PubMed
Afkhami‐Ardekani 2007 {published data only}
    1. Afkhami‐Ardekani M, Shojaoddiny‐Ardekani A. Effect of vitamin C on blood glucose, serum lipids & serum insulin in type 2 diabetes patients. Indian Journal of Medical Research 2007;126(5):471‐4. - PubMed
Aghdassi 1999 {published data only}
    1. Aghdassi E, Royall D, Allard JP. Oxidative stress in smokers supplemented with vitamin C. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 1999;69:45‐51. - PubMed
Aghdassi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Aghdassi E, Wendland BE, Steinhart AH, Wolman SL, Jeejeebhoy K, Allard JP. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation in Crohn's disease decreases oxidative stress. A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;98(2):348‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Aguiló 2004 {published data only}
    1. Aguilo A, Tauler P, Fuentespina E, Villa G, Cordova A, Tur JA, et al. Antioxidant diet supplementation influences blood iron status in endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2004;14:147‐60. - PubMed
Aguiló 2007 {published data only}
    1. Aguiló A, Tauler P, Sureda A, Cases N, Tur J, Pons A. Antioxidant diet supplementation enhances aerobic performance in amateur sportsmen. Journal of Sport Sciences 2007;25(11):1203‐10. - PubMed
Akova 2001 {published data only}
    1. Akova B, Surmen‐Gur E, Gur H, Dirican M, Sarandol E, Kucukoglu S. Exercise‐induced oxidative stress and muscle performance in healthy women: role of vitamin E supplementation and endogenous oestradiol. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;84:141‐7. - PubMed
Albanes 1992 {published data only}
    1. Albanes D, Virtamo J, Rautalahti M, Haukka J, Palmgren J, Gref CG, et al. Serum beta‐carotene before and after beta‐carotene supplementation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;46:15‐24. - PubMed
Alberts 2004 {published data only}
    1. Alberts D, Ranger‐Moore J, Einspahr J, Saboda K, Bozzo P, Liu Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of dose‐intensive oral vitamin A in subjects with sun‐damaged skin. Clinical Cancer Research 2004;10(6):1875‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Allard 1994 {published data only}
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Allard 1997 {published data only}
    1. Allard JP, Kurian R, Aghdassi E, Muggli R, Royall D. Lipid peroxidation during n‐3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 1997;32:535‐41. - PubMed
Al‐Taie 2003 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Taie OH, Seufert J, Karvar S, Adolph C, Mork H, Scheurlen M, et al. Selenium supplementation enhances low selenium levels and stimulates glutathione peroxidase activity in peripheral blood and distal colon mucosa in past and present carriers of colon adenomas. Nutrition and Cancer 2003;46:125‐30. - PubMed
America 2008 {published data only}
    1. America A, Milling LS. The efficacy of vitamins for reducing or preventing depression symptoms in healthy individuals: natural remedy or placebo. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2008;31(2):157‐67. - PubMed
Anah 1980 {published data only}
    1. Anah CO, Jarike LN, Baig HA. High dose ascorbic acid in Nigerian asthmatics. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 1980;32:132‐7. - PubMed
Anderson 1974 {published data only}
    1. Anderson TW, Reid DB. A double‐blind trial of vitamin E in angina pectoris. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1974;27(10):1174‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Anderson 1975 {published data only}
    1. Anderson TW, Beaton GH, Corey P, Spero L. Winter illness and vitamin C: the effect of relatively low doses. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1975;112:823‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Anderson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Anderson D, Phillips BJ, Yu TW, Edwards AJ, Ayesh R, Butterworth KR. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with "low" or "high" cholesterol levels. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1997;30:161‐74. - PubMed
Anderson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Anderson JW, Gowri MS, Turner J, Nichols L, Diwadkar VA, Chow CK, et al. Antioxidant supplementation effects on low‐density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1999;18:451‐61. - PubMed
Andreone 2001 {published data only}
    1. Andreone P, Fiorino S, Cursaro C, Gramenzi A, Margotti M, Giammarino L, et al. Vitamin E as treatment for chronic hepatitis B: results of a randomized controlled pilot trial. Antiviral Research 2001;49(2):75‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Angstwurm 1999 {published data only}
    1. Angstwurm MW, Schottdorf J, Schopohl J, Gaertner R. Selenium replacement in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome improves clinical outcome. Critical Care Medicine 1999;27(9):1807‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Arad 2005 {published data only}
    1. Arad Y, Newstein D, Roth M, Guerci AD. Rationale and design of the St. Francis Heart Study: a randomized clinical trial of atorvastatin plus antioxidants in asymptomatic persons with elevated coronary calcification. Controlled Clinical Trials 2001;22(5):553‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M, Newstein D, Guerci AD. Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: the St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005;46(1):166‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Argyriou 2006 {published data only}
    1. Argyriou AA, Chroni E, Koutras A, Iconomou G, Papapetropoulos S, Polychronopoulos P, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of vitamin E supplementation for protection against cisplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy: final results. Supportive Care in Cancer 2006;14(11):1134‐40. - PubMed
Arvilommi 1983 {published data only}
    1. Arvilommi H, Poikonen K, Jokinen I, Muukkonen O, Rasanen L, Foreman J, et al. Selenium and immune functions in humans. Infection and Immunity 1983;41:185‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Aryaeian 2009 {published data only}
    1. Aryaeian N, Shahram F, Djalali M, Eshragian MR, Djazayeri A, Sarrafnejad A, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid, vitamin E and their combination on lipid profiles and blood pressure of Iranian adults with active rheumatoid arthritis. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2008;4(6):1423‐32. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Aryaeian N, Shahram F, Djalali M, Eshragian MR, Djazayeri A, Sarrafnejad A, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acids, vitamin E and their combination on the clinical outcome of Iranian adults with active rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 2009;12(1):20‐8. - PubMed
Astley 1999 {published data only}
    1. Astley S, Langrish‐Smith A, Southon S, Sampson M. Vitamin E supplementation and oxidative damage to DNA and plasma LDL in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1626‐31. - PubMed
Avery 2003 {published data only}
    1. Avery NG, Kaiser JL, Sharman MJ, Scheett TP, Barnes DM, Gomez AL, et al. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on recovery from repeated bouts of resistance exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2003;17:801‐9. - PubMed
Bacic Vrca 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bacic Vrca V, Skreb F, Cepelak I, Mayer L. Supplementation with antioxidants in the treatment of Graves' disease: the effect on the extracellular antioxidative parameters. Acta Pharmaceutica 2004;54:79‐89. - PubMed
Backman 1990 {published data only}
    1. Backman E, Henriksson KG. Effect of sodium selenite and vitamin E treatment in myotonic dystrophy. Journal of Internal Medicine 1990;228(6):577‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bailey 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bailey DM, Davies B. Acute mountain sickness; prophylactic benefits of antioxidant vitamin supplementation at high altitude. High Altitude Medicine & Biology 2001;2:21‐9. - PubMed
Baillie 2009 {published data only}
    1. Baillie JK, Thompson AA, Irving JB, Bates MG, Sutherland AI, Macnee W, et al. Oral antioxidant supplementation does not prevent acute mountain sickness: double blind, randomized placebo‐controlled trial. QJM 2009;102(5):341‐8. - PubMed
Baines 1988 {published data only}
    1. Baines M, Bligh JG, Madden JS. Tissue thiamin levels of hospitalised alcoholics before and after oral or parenteral vitamins. Alcohol and Alcoholism 1988;23:49‐52. - PubMed
Barany 2001 {published data only}
    1. Barany P, Stenvinkel P, Ottosson‐Seeberger A, Alvestrand A, Morrow J, Roberts JJ 2nd, et al. Effect of 6 weeks of vitamin E administration on renal haemodynamic alterations following a single dose of neoral in healthy volunteers. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 2001;16:580‐4. - PubMed
Barbagallo 1999 {published data only}
    1. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Tagliamonte MR, Resnick LM, Paolisso G. Effects of vitamin E and glutathione on glucose metabolism: role of magnesium. Hypertension 1999;34:1002‐6. - PubMed
Barbarich 2004 {published data only}
    1. Barbarich NC, McConaha CW, Halmi KA, Gendall K, Sunday SR, Gaskill J, et al. Use of nutritional supplements to increase the efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. The International Journal of Eating Disorders 2004;35:10‐5. - PubMed
Barker 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barker T, Leonard SW, Hansen J, Trawick RH, Ingram R, Burdett G, et al. Vitamin E and C supplementation does not ameliorate muscle dysfunction after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2009;47(11):1611‐8. - PubMed
    1. Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Martins TB, Kjeldsberg CR, Hill HR, et al. Modulation of inflammation by vitamin E and C supplementation prior to anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2009;46(5):599‐606. - PubMed
    1. Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Walker JA, Traber MG. Antioxidant supplementation lowers circulating IGF‐1 but not F(2)‐isoprostanes immediately following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Redox Report 2009;14(5):221‐6. - PubMed
Barringer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Barringer TA, Kirk JK, Santaniello AC, Foley KL, Michielutte R. Effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on infection and quality of life. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003;138(5):365‐71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bartlett 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on visual function in healthy eyes. Clinical Nutrition 2008;27(2):218‐27. - PubMed
    1. Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. Effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age‐related macular disease: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;61(9):1121‐7. - PubMed
Basnayake 1983 {published data only}
    1. Basnayake S, Silva SV, Miller PC, Rogers S. A comparison of Norinyl and Brevicon in three sites in Sri Lanka. Contraception 1983;27:453‐64. - PubMed
Bassenge 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bassenge E, Fink N, Skatchkov M, Fink B. Dietary supplement with vitamin C prevents nitrate tolerance. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998;102:67‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Bates 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bates CJ, Walmsley CM, Prentice A, Finch S. Does vitamin C reduce blood pressure? Results of a large study of people aged 65 or older. Journal of Hypertension 1998;16(7):925‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Beaton 2002 {published data only}
    1. Beaton LJ, Allan DA, Tarnopolsky MA, Tiidus PM, Phillips SM. Contraction‐induced muscle damage is unaffected by vitamin E supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002;34:798‐805. - PubMed
Beckman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Beckman JA, Goldfine AB, Gordon MB, Garrett LA, Keaney JF Jr, Creager MA. Oral antioxidant therapy improves endothelial function in type 1 but not type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2003;285:H2392‐8. - PubMed
Behndig 2009 {published data only}
    1. Behndig AF, Blomberg A, Helleday R, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS. Augmentation of respiratory tract lining fluid ascorbate concentrations through supplementation with vitamin C. Inhalation Toxicology 2009;21(3):250‐8. - PubMed
Benton 1991 {published data only}
    1. Benton D, Cook R. Selenium supplementation improves mood in a double‐blind crossover trial. Psychopharmacology 1990;102(4):549‐50. - PubMed
    1. Benton D, Cook R. The impact of selenium supplementation on mood. Biological Psychiatry 1991;29(11):1092‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Berger 1998 {published data only}
    1. Berger MM, Spertini F, Shenkin A, Wardle C, Wiesner L, Schindler C, et al. Trace element supplementation modulates pulmonary infection rates after major burns: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;68(2):365‐71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bernard 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bernard D, Christophe A, Delanghe J, Langlois M, Buyzere M, Comhaire F. The effect of supplementation with an antioxidant preparation on LDL‐oxidation is determined by haptoglobin polymorphism. Redox Report: Communications in Free Radical Research 2003;8:41‐6. - PubMed
Berson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Hayes KC, Nicholson BW, Weigel‐DiFranco C, et al. A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Archives of Ophthalmology 1993;111(6):761‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bespalov 2004 {published data only}
    1. Berspalov VG, Shcherbakov AM, Kalinovskii VP, Novik VI, Chepik OF, Aleksandrov VA, et al. Study of the antioxidant drug "Karinat" in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis [Izucenie antioksidatnogo preparata "Karinat" kak sredstva dla lecenih boljnih s hroniceskim atroficeskim gastritom]. Voprosii Onkologii 2004;50(1):81‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bhardwaj 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bhardwaj P, Garg PK, Maulik SK, Saraya A, Tandon RK, Acharya SK. A randomized controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation for pain relief in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2009;136(1):149‐59. - PubMed
Bierenbaum 1985 {published data only}
    1. Bierenbaum ML, Noonan FJ, Machlin LJ, Machlin S, Stier A, Watson P, et al. The effect of supplemental vitamin E on serum parameters in diabetics, postcoronary and normal subjects. Nutrition Reports International 1985;31(6):1171‐80.
Biesalski 1996 {published data only}
    1. Biesalski HK, Hemmes C, Hopfenmuller W, Schmid C, Gollnick HP. Effects of controlled exposure of sunlight on plasma and skin levels of beta‐carotene. Free Radical Research 1996;24(3):215‐24. - PubMed
Bjorneboe 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bjorneboe GE, Johnsen J, Bjorneboe A, Marklund SL, Skylv N, Hoiseth A, et al. Some aspects of antioxidant status in blood from alcoholics. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 1988;12:806‐10. - PubMed
Blackhall 2005 {published data only}
    1. Blackhall ML, Fassett RG, Sharman JE, Geraghty DP, Coombes JS. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on blood cyclosporin A and glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 2005;20(9):1970‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Block 2004 {published data only}
    1. Block G, Jensen C, Dietrich M, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Packer L. Plasma C‐reactive protein concentrations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supplementation. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2004;23:141‐7. - PubMed
Bloomer 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bloomer RJ, Goldfarb AH, McKenzie MJ, You T, Nguyen L. Effects of antioxidant therapy in women exposed to eccentric exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2004;14:377‐88. - PubMed
Boardley 2000 {published data only}
    1. Boardley D, Fahlman M. Micronutrient supplementation does not attenuate seasonal decline of immune system indexes in well‐nourished elderly women: a placebo‐controlled study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2000;100(3):356‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bogden 1990 {published data only}
    1. Bogden JD, Oleske JM, Lavenhar MA, Munves EM, Kemp FW, Bruening KS, et al. Effects of one year of supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on cellular immunity in the elderly. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1990;9(3):214‐25. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bogden 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bogden JD, Bendich A, Kemp FW, Bruening KS, Shurnick JH, Denny T, et al. Daily micronutrient supplements enhance delayed‐hypersensitivity skin test responses in older people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;60(3):437‐47. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Booth 2004 {published data only}
    1. Booth SL, Golly I, Sacheck JM, Roubenoff R, Dallal GE, Hamada K, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80:143‐8. - PubMed
Boshtam 2002 {published data only}
    1. Boshtam M, Rafiei M, Sadeghi K, Sarraf‐Zadegan N. Vitamin E can reduce blood pressure in mild hypertensive subjects. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2002;72:309‐14. - PubMed
Boshtam 2005 {published data only}
    1. Boshtam M, Rafiei M, Golshadi ID, Ani M, Shirani Z, Rostamshirazi M. Long term effects of oral vitamin E supplement in type II diabetic patients. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2005;75:341‐6. - PubMed
Bostom 1995 {published data only}
    1. Bostom AG, Hume AL, Eaton CB, Laurino JP, Yanek LR, Regan MS, et al. The effect of high‐dose ascorbate supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with premature coronary heart disease. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15:458‐64. - PubMed
Brand 2001 {published data only}
    1. Brand C, Snaddon J, Bailey M, Cicuttini F. Vitamin E is ineffective for symptomatic relief of knee osteoarthritis: a six month double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2001;60(10):946‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Broome 2004 {published data only}
    1. Broome CS, McArdle F, Kyle JA, Andrews F, Lowe NM, Hart CA, et al. An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80:154‐62. - PubMed
Brouwers 2002 {published data only}
    1. Brouwers FM, Werf S, Bleijenberg G, Zee L, Meer JW. The effect of a polynutrient supplement on fatigue and physical activity of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 2002;95:677‐83. - PubMed
Brown 1994 {published data only}
    1. Brown KM, Morrice PC, Duthie GG. Vitamin E supplementation suppresses indexes of lipid peroxidation and platelet counts in blood of smokers and nonsmokers but plasma lipoprotein concentrations remain unchanged. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;60:383‐7. - PubMed
Brown 1998 {published data only}
    1. Brown KM, Morrice PC, Duthie GG. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition of smokers and non‐smokers: effects of vitamin E supplementation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;52:145‐50. - PubMed
Brown 2000 {published data only}
    1. Brown KM, Pickard K, Nicol F, Beckett GJ, Duthie GG, Arthur JR. Effects of organic and inorganic selenium supplementation on selenoenzyme activity in blood lymphoctyes, granulocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. Clinical Science (London) 2000;98:593‐9. - PubMed
Brude 1997 {published data only}
    1. Brude IR, Drevon CA, Hjermann I, Seljeflot I, Lund‐Katz S, Saarem K, et al. Peroxidation of LDL from combined‐hyperlipidemic male smokers supplied with omega‐3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997;17:2576‐88. - PubMed
Bucca 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bucca C, Rolla G, Caria E, Arossa W, Bugiani M. Effects of vitamin C on airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine in heavy smokers. The European Respiratory Journal 1989;2:229‐33. - PubMed
Buchman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Buchman AL, Killip D, Ou CN, Rognerud CL, Pownall H, Dennis K, et al. Short‐term vitamin E supplementation before marathon running: a placebo‐controlled trial. Nutrition 1999;15:278‐83. - PubMed
Bugianesi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, Natale S, Vanni E, Villanova N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;100(5):1082‐90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bukin 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bukin YV, Zaridze DG, Draudin‐Krylenko VA, Orlov EN, Sigacheva NA, Dawei F, et al. Effect of beta‐carotene supplementation on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in stomach mucosa of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1993;2(1):61‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bukin 1995 {published data only}
    1. Bukin YV, Draudin‐Krylenko VA, Orlov EN, Kuvshinov YP, Poddubny BK, Vorobyeva OV, et al. Effect of prolonged beta‐carotene or DL‐alpha‐tocopheryl acetate supplementation on ornithine decarboxylase activity in human atrophic stomach mucosa. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1995;4:865‐70. - PubMed
Bukin 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bukin YV, Draudin‐Krylenko VA, Kuvshinov YP, Poddubniy BK, Shabanov MA. Decrease of ornithine decarboxylase activity in premalignant gastric mucosa and regression of small intestinal metaplasia in patients supplemented with high doses of vitamin E. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1997;6:543‐6. - PubMed
Bunker 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bunker VW, Stansfield MF, Deacon‐Smith R, Marzil RA, Hounslow A, Clayton BE. Dietary supplementation and immunocompetence in housebound elderly subjects. British Journal of Biomedical Science 1994;51(2):128‐35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bunout 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bunout D, Garrido A, Suazo M, Kauffman R, Venegas P, Maza P, et al. Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL oxidation in coronary patients. Nutrition 2000;16:107‐10. - PubMed
Bursell 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM, Schlossman DK, Feener EP, et al. High‐dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1245‐51. - PubMed
Bussey 1982 {published data only}
    1. Bussey HJ, DeCosse JJ, Deschner EE, Eyers AA, Lesser ML, Morson BC, et al. A randomized trial of ascorbic acid in polyposis coli. Cancer 1982;50(7):1434‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Butcher 1993 {published data only}
    1. Butcher GP, Rhodes JM, Walker R, Krasner N, Jackson MJ. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on a serum marker of free radical activity and abnormal serum biochemistry in alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification. Journal of Hepatology 1993;19:105‐9. - PubMed
Cadenas 1996 {published data only}
    1. Cadenas S, Rojas C, Mendez J, Herrero A, Barja G. Vitamin E decreases urine lipid peroxidation products in young healthy human volunteers under normal conditions. Pharmacology & Toxicology 1996;79:247‐53. - PubMed
Cafolla 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cafolla A, Dragoni F, Girelli G, Tosti ME, Costante A, Luca AM, et al. Effect of folic acid and vitamin C supplementation on folate status and homocysteine level: a randomised controlled trial in Italian smoker‐blood donors. Atherosclerosis 2002;163:105‐11. - PubMed
Calabrese 1987 {published data only}
    1. Calabrese EJ, Stoddard A, Leonard DA, Dinardi SR. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood and hair levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1987;498:347‐53. - PubMed
Calzada 1997 {published data only}
    1. Calzada C, Bruckdorfer KR, Rice‐Evans CA. The influence of antioxidant nutrients on platelet function in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 1997;128:97‐105. - PubMed
Candan 1997 {published data only}
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Carpenter 2003 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter KL, Kirkpatrick PJ, Weissberg PL, Challis IR, Dennis IF, Freeman MA, et al. Oral alpha‐tocopherol supplementation inhibits lipid oxidation in established human atherosclerotic lesions. Free Radical Research 2003;37:1235‐44. - PubMed
Carty 2000 {published data only}
    1. Carty JL, Bevan R, Waller H, Mistry N, Cooke M, Lunec J, et al. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on protein oxidation in healthy volunteers. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000;273:729‐35. - PubMed
Cases 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cases N, Aguilo A, Tauler P, Sureda A, Llompart I, Pons A, et al. Differential response of plasma and immune cell's vitamin E levels to physical activity and antioxidant vitamin supplementation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;59:781‐8. - PubMed
Ceriello 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ceriello A, Giugliano D, Quatraro A, Donzella C, Dipalo G, Lefebvre PJ. Vitamin E reduction of protein glycosylation in diabetes. New prospect for prevention of diabetic complications?. Diabetes Care 1991;14:68‐72. - PubMed
Chan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chan D, Irish A, Dogra G. Efficacy and safety of oral versus intravenous ascorbic acid for anaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology 2005;10:336‐40. - PubMed
Chandra 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chandra RK. Effect of vitamin and trace‐element supplementation on cognitive function in elderly subjects. Nutrition 2001;17(9):709‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chandra 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chandra RK. Influence of multinutrient supplement on immune responses and infection‐related illness in 50 ‐ 65 year old individuals. Nutrition Research 2002;22:5‐11. - PubMed
Chavance 1993 {published data only}
    1. Chavance M, Herbeth B, Lemoine A, Zhu BP. Does multivitamin supplementation prevent infections in healthy elderly subjects? A controlled trial. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 1993;63(1):11‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chesney 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chesney CM, Elam MB, Herd JA, Davis KB, Garg R, Hunninghake D, et al. Effect of niacin, warfarin, and antioxidant therapy on coagulation parameters in patients with peripheral arterial disease in the Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial (ADMIT). American Heart Journal 2000;140(4):631‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Cheung 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin‐niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2001;21:1320‐6. - PubMed
Chuang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Huang AH, Yang HB, Wu JJ. Vitamin C and E supplements to lansoprazole‐amoxicillin‐metronidazole triple therapy may reduce the eradication rate of metronidazole‐susceptible Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2002;7:310‐6. - PubMed
Chuin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chuin A, Labonté M, Tessier D, Khalil A, Bobeuf F, Doyon CY, et al. Effect of antioxidants combined to resistance training on BMD in elderly women: a pilot study. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(7):1253‐8. - PubMed
    1. Labonté M, Dionne IJ, Bouchard DR, Sénéchal M, Tessier D, Khalil A, et al. Effects of antioxidant supplements combined with resistance exercise on gains in fat‐free mass in healthy elderly subjects: a pilot study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2008;56(9):1766‐8. - PubMed
Clarke 2003 {published data only}
    1. Clarke R, Harrison G, Richards S, Vital Trial Collaborative Group. Effect of vitamins and aspirin on markers of platelet activation, oxidative stress and homocysteine in people at high risk of dementia. Journal of Internal Medicine 2003;254:67‐75. - PubMed
Clarke 2009 {published data only}
    1. Clarke MW, Burnett JR, Wu JH, Hodgson JM, Ledowski T, Puddey IB, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and hepatic drug metabolism in humans. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2009;54(6):491‐6. - PubMed
Clausen 1989 {published data only}
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Colette 1988 {published data only}
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Connolly 2006 {published data only}
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Corridan 2001 {published data only}
    1. Corridan BM, O'Donoghue M, Hughes DA, Morrissey PA. Low‐dose supplementation with lycopene or beta‐carotene does not enhance cell‐mediated immunity in healthy free‐living elderly humans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;55:627‐35. - PubMed
Cox 1975 {published data only}
    1. Cox BD, Butterfield WJ. Vitamin C supplements and diabetic cutaneous capillary fragility. British Medical Journal 1975;3:205. - PMC - PubMed
Crary 1987 {published data only}
    1. Crary EJ. Antioxidant treatment of macular degeneration of the aging and macular edema in diabetic retinopathy. Southern Medical Journal 1987;80(9):38.
Crimi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Crimi E, Liguori A, Condorelli M, Cioffi M, Astuto M, Bontempo P, et al. The beneficial effects of antioxidant supplementation in enteral feeding in critically ill patients: a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004;99(3):857‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Crogan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Crogan NL, Velasquez D, Gagan MJ. Testing the feasibility and initial effects of iron and vitamin C to enhance nursing home residents' immune status following an influenza vaccine. Geriatric Nursing 2005;26:188‐94. - PubMed
Dabiri 1994 {published data only}
    1. Dabiri LM, Pasta D, Darby JK, Mosbacher D. Effectiveness of vitamin E for treatment of long‐term tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994;151:925‐6. - PubMed
Daga 2003 {published data only}
    1. Daga MK, Chhabra R, Sharma B, Mishra TK. Effects of exogenous vitamin E supplementation on the levels of oxidants and antioxidants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Biosciences 2003;28:7‐11. - PubMed
Dakhale 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dakhale GN, Khanzode SD, Khanzode SS, Saoji A. Supplementation of vitamin C with atypical antipsychotics reduces oxidative stress and improves the outcome of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 2005;182:494‐8. - PubMed
Darko 2002 {published data only}
    1. Darko D, Dornhorst A, Kelly FJ, Ritter JM, Chowienczyk PJ. Lack of effect of oral vitamin C on blood pressure, oxidative stress and endothelial function in type II diabetes. Clinical Science 2002;103:339‐44. - PubMed
Davison 2005 {published data only}
    1. Davison GW, Hughes CM, Bell RA. Exercise and mononuclear cell DNA damage: the effects of antioxidant supplementation. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2005;15:480‐92. - PubMed
Davison 2006 {published data only}
    1. Davison G, Gleeson M. The effect of 2 weeks vitamin C supplementation on immunoendocrine responses to 2.5 h cycling exercise in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2006;97(4):454‐61. - PubMed
Davison 2007 {published data only}
    1. Davison G, Gleeson M, Phillips S. Antioxidant supplementation and immunoendocrine responses to prolonged exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2007;39(4):645‐52. - PubMed
Dawson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Dawson EB, Evans DR, Harris WA, McGanity WJ. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the nicotine metabolism of smokers. Preventive Medicine 1999;29:451‐4. - PubMed
DeCosse 1989 {published data only}
    1. DeCosse JJ, Miller HH, Lesser ML. Effect of wheat fiber and vitamins C and E on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1989; Vol. 81, issue 17:1290‐7. - PubMed
De las Heras 2000 {published data only}
    1. las Heras Castano G, Garcia de la Paz A, Fernandez MD, Fernandez Forcelledo JL. Use of antioxidants to treat pain in chronic pancreatitis [Utilizacion de antioxidantes en el tratamiento del dolor de la pancreatitis chronica]. Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas 2000;92(6):375‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dell'Anna 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dell'Anna ML, Mastrofrancesco A, Sala R, Venturini M, Ottaviani M, Vidolin AP, et al. Antioxidants and narrow band‐UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a double‐blind placebo controlled trial. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2007;32(6):631‐6. - PubMed
DeMaio 1992 {published data only}
    1. DeMaio SJ, King SB 3rd, Lembo NJ, Roubin GS, Hearn JA, Bhagavan HN, et al. Vitamin E supplementation, plasma lipids and incidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1992;11(1):68‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
de Sanjose 1996 {published data only}
    1. Sanjose S, Munoz N, Sobala G, Vivas J, Peraza S, Cano E, et al. Antioxidants, Helicobacter pylori and stomach cancer in Venezuela. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1996;5:57‐62. - PubMed
Desideri 2002 {published data only}
    1. Desideri G, Marinucci MC, Tomassoni G, Masci PG, Santucci A, Ferri C. Vitamin E supplementation reduces plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 and von Willebrand factor levels and increases nitric oxide concentrations in hypercholesterolemic patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002;87:2940‐5. - PubMed
Desideri 2002a {published data only}
    1. Desideri G, Croce G, Marinucci MC, Masci PG, Stati M, Valeri L, et al. Prolonged, low dose alpha‐tocopherol therapy counteracts intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 activation. Clinica Chimica Acta 2002;320:5‐9. - PubMed
Devaraj 1997 {published data only}
    1. Devaraj S, Adams‐Huet B, Fuller CJ, Jialal I. Dose‐response comparison of RRR‐alpha‐tocopherol and all‐racemic alpha‐tocopherol on LDL oxidation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997;17:2273‐9. - PubMed
Devaraj 2007 {published data only}
    1. Devaraj S, Tang R, Adams‐Huet B, Harris A, Seenivasan T, Lemos JA, et al. Effect of high‐dose alpha‐tocopherol supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(5):1392‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Devaraj 2008 {published data only}
    1. Devaraj S, Leonard S, Traber MG, Jialal I. Gamma‐tocopherol supplementation alone and in combination with alpha‐tocopherol alters biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2008;44(6):1203‐8. - PMC - PubMed
de Vet 1991 {published data only}
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de Waart 1997 {published data only}
    1. Waart FG, Portengen L, Doekes G, Verwaal CJ, Kok FJ. Effect of 3 months vitamin E supplementation on indices of the cellular and humoral immune response in elderly subjects. The British Journal of Nutrition 1997;78:761‐74. - PubMed
Dieber‐Roth 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dieber‐Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. Effect of oral supplementation with D‐alpha‐tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. Journal of Lipid Research 1991;32:1325‐32. - PubMed
Diepeveen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Diepeveen SH, Verhoeven GW, Palen J, Dikkeschei LD, Tits LJ, Kolsters G, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and vitamin E on lipoproteins and oxidative stress in dialysis patients: a randomised‐controlled trial. Journal of Internal Medicine 2005;257(5):438‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dietrich 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dietrich M, Block G, Hudes M, Morrow JD, Norkus EP, Traber MG, et al. Antioxidant supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation biomarker F(2)‐isoprostanes in plasma of smokers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2002;11:7‐13. - PubMed
Dietrich 2003 {published data only}
    1. Dietrich M, Block G, Benowitz NL, Morrow JD, Hudes M, Jacob P 3rd, et al. Vitamin C supplementation decreases oxidative stress biomarker f2‐isoprostanes in plasma of nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Nutrition and Cancer 2003;45:176‐84. - PubMed
DK PRECISE {published data only}
    1. Ravn‐Haren G, Krath BN, Overvad K, Cold S, Moesgaard S, Larsen EH, et al. Effect of long‐term selenium yeast intervention on activity and gene expression of antioxidant and xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in healthy elderly volunteers from the Danish Prevention of Cancer by Intervention by Selenium (PRECISE) pilot study. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;99(6):1190‐8. - PubMed
Dorfman‐Etrog 1999 {published data only}
    1. Dorfman‐Etrog P, Hermesh H, Prilipko L, Weizman A, Munitz H. The effect of vitamin E addition to acute neuroleptic treatment on the emergence of extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenic patients: an open label study. European Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;9:475‐7. - PubMed
Duffy 1999 {published data only}
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Duffy 2001 {published data only}
    1. Duffy SJ, O'Brien RC, New G, Harper RW, Meredith IT. Effect of anti‐oxidant treatment and cholesterol lowering on resting arterial tone, metabolic vasodilation and endothelial function in the human forearm: a randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2001;28:409‐18. - PubMed
Dunstan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dunstan JA, Breckler L, Hale J, Lehmann H, Franklin P, Lyons G, et al. Supplementation with vitamins C, E, beta‐carotene and selenium has no effect on anti‐oxidant status and immune responses in allergic adults: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2007;37(2):180‐7. - PubMed
Duthie 1996 {published data only}
    1. Duthie SJ, Ma A, Ross MA, Collins AR. Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cancer Research 1996;56:1291‐5. - PubMed
Dziaman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dziaman T, Huzarski T, Gackowski D, Rozalski R, Siomek A, Szpila A, et al. Selenium supplementation reduced oxidative DNA damage in adnexectomized BRCA1 mutations carriers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2009;18(11):2923‐8. - PubMed
Earnest 2003 {published data only}
    1. Earnest CP, Wood KA, Church TS. Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL‐C oxidation. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2003;22:400‐7. - PubMed
Economides 2005 {published data only}
    1. Economides PA, Khaodhiar L, Caselli A, Caballero AE, Keenan H, Bursell SE, et al. The effect of vitamin E on endothelial function of micro‐ and macrocirculation and left ventricular function in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2005;54:204‐11. - PubMed
Edmonds 1997 {published data only}
    1. Edmonds SE, Winyard PG, Guo R, Kidd B, Merry P, Langrish‐Smith A, et al. Putative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a prospective placebo controlled double blind trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1997;56(11):649‐55. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Egan 1992 {published data only}
    1. Egan MF, Hyde TM, Albers GW, Elkashef A, Alexander RC, Reeve A, et al. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with vitamin E. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1992;149:773‐7. - PubMed
Eiselt 2001 {published data only}
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El‐Bayoumy 2002 {published data only}
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Elkashef 1990 {published data only}
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Ernster 1985 {published data only}
    1. Ernster VL, Goodson WH 3rd, Hunt TK, Petrakis NL, Sickles EA, Miike R, et al. Vitamin E and benign breast "disease": a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial. Surgery 1985;97(4):490‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Everett 2002 {published data only}
    1. Everett SM, Drake IM, White KL, Mapstone NP, Chalmers DM, Schorah CJ, et al. Antioxidant vitamin supplements do not reduce reactive oxygen species activity in Helicobacter pylori gastritis in the short term. British Journal of Nutrition 2002;87:3‐11. - PubMed
Fairley 1996 {published data only}
    1. Fairley CK, Tabrizi SN, Chen S, Baghurst P, Young H, Quinn M, et al. A randomised clinical trial of beta carotene versus placebo for the treatment of cervical HPV infection. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 1996;6:225‐30.
Fairris 1989 {published data only}
    1. Fairris GM, Lloyd B, Hinks L, Perkins PJ, Clayton BE. The effect of supplementation with selenium and vitamin E in psoriasis. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 1989;26(Pt 1):83‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Falsini 2003 {published data only}
    1. Falsini B, Piccardi M, Iarossi G, Fadda A, Merendino E, Valentini P. Influence of short‐term antioxidant supplementation on macular function in age‐related maculopathy: a pilot study including electrophysiologic assessment. Ophthalmology 2003;110(1):51‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Fang JC, Kinlay S, Beltrame J, Hikiti H, Wainstein M, Behrendt D, et al. Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant‐associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359(9312):1108‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Farvid 2005 {published data only}
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Faure 2004 {published data only}
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Fawzi 2004 {published data only}
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Finley 1998 {published data only}
    1. Finley JW, Penland JG. Adequacy or deprivation of dietary selenium in healthy men: clinical or psychological findings Selenium in Healthy Men: Clinical and Ps. The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine 1998;11:11‐27.
Fischer 2004 {published data only}
    1. Fischer CP, Hiscock NJ, Penkowa M, Basu S, Vessby B, Kallner A, et al. Supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibits the release of interleukin‐6 from contracting human skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology 2004;558:633‐45. - PMC - PubMed
Florencio 1981 {published data only}
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Fogarty 2003 {published data only}
    1. Fogarty A, Lewis SA, Scrivener SL, Antoniak M, Pacey S, Pringle M, et al. Oral magnesium and vitamin C supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2003;33(10):1355‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fortes 1998 {published data only}
    1. Fortes C, Forastiere F, Agabiti N, Fano V, Pacifici R, Virgili F, et al. The effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune response in an older population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998;46:19‐26. - PubMed
Fotherby 2000 {published data only}
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Frank 2004 {published data only}
    1. Frank DH, Roe DJ, Chow HH, Guillen JM, Choquette K, Gracie D, et al. Effects of a high‐selenium yeast supplement on celecoxib plasma levels: a randomized phase II trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2004;13:299‐303. - PubMed
Fuchs 1998 {published data only}
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Fuller 1996 {published data only}
    1. Fuller CJ, Chandalia M, Garg A, Grundy SM, Jialal I. RRR‐alpha‐tocopheryl acetate supplementation at pharmacologic doses decreases low‐density‐lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility but not protein glycation in patients with diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;63:753‐9. - PubMed
Fuller 2000 {published data only}
    1. Fuller CJ, May MA, Martin KJ. The effect of vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation on LDL oxidizability and neutrophil respiratory burst in young smokers. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2000;19:361‐9. - PubMed
Fumeron 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fumeron C, Nguyen‐Khoa T, Saltiel C, Kebede M, Buisson C, Drueke TB, et al. Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation status in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 2005;20(9):1874‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gaede 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gaede P, Poulsen HE, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Double‐blind, randomised study of the effect of combined treatment with vitamin C and E on albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine 2001;18(9):756‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gaeini 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gaeini AA, Rahnama N, Hamedinia MR. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress at rest and after exercise to exhaustion in athletic students. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2006;46(3):458‐61. - PubMed
Gal 1996 {published data only}
    1. Gal M, Cathebras P, Strueby K. Pharmaton capsules in the treatment of functional fatigue: a double‐blind study versus placebo evaluated by a new methodology. Phytotherapy Research 1996;10:49‐53.
Galley 1997 {published data only}
    1. Galley HF, Thornton J, Howdle PD, Walker BE, Webster NR. Combination oral antioxidant supplementation reduces blood pressure. Clinical Science 1997;92:361‐5. - PubMed
Garewal 1999 {published data only}
    1. Garewal HS, Katz RV, Meyskens F, Pitcock J, Morse D, Friedman S, et al. Beta‐carotene produces sustained remissions in patients with oral leukoplakia: results of a multicenter prospective trial. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐ Head & Neck Surgery 1999;125:1305‐10. - PubMed
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Gianduzzo 2003 {published data only}
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Griesinger 2002 {published data only}
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Hajjar 2002 {published data only}
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Plantinga 2007 {published data only}
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Rasool 2003 {published data only}
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