Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether cacao liquor procyanidin (CLPr) extract, which consists of 4.3% catechin, 6.1% epicatechin, 39.4% procyanidins and others, ameliorated hyperglycemia and obesity in C57BL/6 mice fed a control or high-fat diet for 13 weeks. CLPr suppressed high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and fat accumulation in white adipose tissue. CLPr also promoted translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Phosphorylation of AMPKα was also enhanced in the liver and white adipose tissue. CLPr up-regulated the gene and protein expression levels of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in brown adipose tissue and UCP-3 in skeletal muscle. These results indicate that CLPr is a beneficial food material for the prevention of hyperglycemia and obesity. Activation of AMPKα, translocation of GLUT4 and up-regulation of UCP expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue are involved in the molecular mechanisms by which CLPr prevents hyperglycemia and obesity.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
MeSH terms
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AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
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Adipokines / blood
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Adipose Tissue / drug effects
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Adipose Tissue / metabolism
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Animals
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Biflavonoids / pharmacology*
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Blood Glucose / metabolism
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Body Weight / drug effects
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Cacao / chemistry*
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Catechin / pharmacology*
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Diet, High-Fat / adverse effects*
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Energy Metabolism / drug effects
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Enzyme Activation / drug effects
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Gene Expression Regulation / drug effects
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Glucose Intolerance / etiology
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Glucose Intolerance / metabolism
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Glucose Intolerance / pathology
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Glucose Intolerance / prevention & control*
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Glucose Transporter Type 4 / metabolism
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Insulin Resistance
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Ion Channels / genetics
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Ion Channels / metabolism
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Liver / drug effects
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Liver / metabolism
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Male
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred C57BL
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Mitochondrial Proteins / genetics
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Mitochondrial Proteins / metabolism
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Muscle, Skeletal / drug effects
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Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism
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Obesity / chemically induced
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Obesity / metabolism
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Obesity / pathology
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Obesity / prevention & control*
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
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Phosphorylation / drug effects
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Proanthocyanidins / pharmacology*
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Protein Transport / drug effects
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Trans-Activators / genetics
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Trans-Activators / metabolism
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Transcription Factors
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Uncoupling Protein 1
Substances
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Adipokines
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Biflavonoids
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Blood Glucose
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Glucose Transporter Type 4
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Ion Channels
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Mitochondrial Proteins
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
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Ppargc1a protein, mouse
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Proanthocyanidins
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Trans-Activators
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Transcription Factors
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Ucp1 protein, mouse
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Uncoupling Protein 1
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procyanidin
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Catechin
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AMP-Activated Protein Kinases