This TIP, Naltrexone and Alcoholism Treatment, presents current knowledge about the use of naltrexone, an opioid antagonist medication first synthesized in the 1960s and subsequently developed by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). This medicine was initially developed to treat opiate addiction. Subsequently, research sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, which research is still ongoing, found that naltrexone can help prevent relapse to alcohol use disorder when combined with traditional treatment modalities. Naltrexone, when combined with appropriate psychosocial interventions, relieves the craving for alcohol (and opiates) and decreases the relapse rate to heavy use. Naltrexone has been proven safe for most adults except pregnant or nursing women, the very obese (at doses higher than herein recommended for daily use), and probably those with acute hepatitis; women of child-bearing potential must be tested monthly for pregnancy.
This TIP describes the medication itself, its mode of action, possible common adverse effects, and interactions with other medications. A separate chapter on the clinical use of naltrexone presents guidelines for selecting patients who may benefit from naltrexone and for starting and maintaining these patients on naltrexone. Issues for program managers and administrators, including staff education and procedures for getting new drugs on health care system formularies, are presented in appendixes.
As naltrexone is used more widely, alcohol treatment programs will continue to be a source of important data about its use, and this TIP offers suggestions for research in several areas. Funding for the study of treatment and outcomes is available periodically from NIDA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, SAMHSA, and other Federal agencies.