The relation between marital distress, therapeutic alliance formation, and treatment outcome was investigated in a group marital skills training program in which 63 couples met for 9 weekly 3-hr sessions. Treatment outcome was assessed before and after completion of treatment through a series of self-report measures. The quality of the therapeutic alliance as viewed by the couples and the therapists was monitored at the 3rd session. Results indicate that levels of marital distress neither impaired nor facilitated alliance formation. In addition, it was demonstrated that patients' and therapists' ratings of the strength of the therapeutic alliance constitute a determinant of successful treatment. It appears, however, that the strength of the alliance is a more powerful predictor of therapeutic success among men than among women.