Sequelae in children following cerebellar tumor removal surgery are well defined, and predictors for poor recovery include lesions of the cerebellar nuclei and the inferior vermis. Dynamic reorganization is thought to promote functional recovery in particular within the first year after surgery. Yet, the time course and mechanisms of recovery within this critical time frame are elusive and longitudinal studies are missing. Thus, a group of children and adolescents (n = 12, range 6-17 years) were followed longitudinally after cerebellar surgery and compared to age- and gender-matched controls (n = 11). Patients were examined (1) within the first days, (2) 3 months, and (3) 1 year after surgery. Each time behavioral tests of balance and upper limb motor function, ataxia rating, and a MRI scan were performed. Data were used for subsequent lesion-symptom mapping of cerebellar function. Behavioral improvements continued beyond 3 months, but were not complete in all patients after 1 year. At that time, remaining deficits were mild. Within the first 3 months, cerebellar lesion volumes were notably reduced by vanishing edema. Reduction in edema affecting the deep cerebellar nuclei but not reduction of total cerebellar lesion volume was a major predictor of early functional recovery. Persistent impairment in balance and upper limb function was linked to permanent lesions of the inferior vermis and the deep cerebellar nuclei.