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Review
. 2012 Jul;87(7):956-68.
doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31825837be.

Behavior change counseling curricula for medical trainees: a systematic review

Karen E Hauer  1 , Patricia A Carney, Anna Chang, Jason Satterfield
Affiliations
Review

Behavior change counseling curricula for medical trainees: a systematic review

Karen E Hauer et al. Acad Med. 2012 Jul.

Abstract

Purpose: Unhealthy behaviors contribute to half of U.S. deaths. However, physicians lack sufficient skill in counseling patients to change behaviors. Characterizing effective published curricular interventions for behavior change counseling for medical trainees would inform educators toward improved training.

Method: The authors conducted a systematic literature search of studies published between 1965 and 2011 evaluating curricula on behavior change counseling for medical trainees. Included studies described behavior change counseling, teaching interventions for medical trainees, and assessment of interventions. The authors extracted eligible articles, rated outcomes for learners and patients using Kirkpatrick's hierarchy, and determined study quality.

Results: Of 2,788 identified citations, 109 met inclusion criteria. Most studies were performed in the United States (98), 93 at a single institution, and 81 in primary care settings. Curricular topics for counseling included smoking (67 studies), nutrition (30), alcohol/drug use (26), and exercise (22). Although most studies did not include theoretical frameworks, 39 used the Transtheoretical Model of Change. Sixty-two studies involved eight or fewer hours of curricular time, and 51 spanned four or fewer weeks. The studies with highest-level outcomes and quality employed multiple curricular techniques and included practice of counseling techniques in either simulated or actual clinical settings.

Conclusions: Existing literature suggests that trainees learn behavior change counseling through active, realistic practice and implementation of reminder and feedback systems within actual clinical practice settings. Multiinstitutional medical education research on methods of teaching behavior change counseling that influence patients' health outcomes are needed to ensure trainees' clinical competence and improve patient care.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Literature search and selection process for articles published January 1965 through June 2011 describing curricula for medical trainees on behavior-change counseling for patients
*Some articles were excluded for multiple reasons and therefore were counted twice.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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